Fields of study in America

Fields of study at universities in America:

The best universities in America cannot prepare students for all fields and professions. Pursue your studies in America at a university that has a suitable global rank in your desired field of study.

Study in America at universities specializing in your desired field of study.

Study in America and the annual cost of education there:
Studying in America requires an annual tuition fee of about $15,000 to $25,000 or even more.

Study in America at a university that has a reasonable annual tuition fee close to your budget.

Study in America and the cost of student living:
Students studying in America should budget approximately $12,000 annually for living expenses.

Living expenses vary slightly in different states of America.

Study in America and scholarship conditions at American universities:
Scholarships at American universities are mostly awarded to doctoral and postgraduate students.

Scholarships at American universities are awarded to outstanding students.

Scholarships at American universities can cover part or all of the expenses for education and living in America.

Study in America at universities that are in a suitable financial position to offer scholarships.

Study in America and the conditions of the city of study in America:
Study in America at universities that match your interests in terms of city and climate conditions.

American universities are located in different climates, cities, and regions.

When choosing a university in America, be sure to consider the weather, climate, and security conditions.

Study in America at public or private universities, and ... :
Studying in America is possible at public or state universities, private universities, and small colleges or institutions.

It is preferable to study in America at state universities and large universities.

Study in America at universities that have a higher number of international students.

Avoid studying in America at universities affiliated with specific religions.

Study in America and the research ranges of the university and professors:
Study in America at a university where your research ranges are close to the research ranges of university professors in America.

American universities that have research ranges closer to your interests have better acceptance and scholarship opportunities for you at the postgraduate and doctoral levels in America.

Start studying in America simultaneously for your field of study and English language:

Studying in America requires a suitable TOEFL (TOEFL) or IELTS (IELTS) score.

Studying in America without a language score is possible.

For applicants in this category, there must be facilities for language classes at the university.

A student visa for America is hardly issued if your acceptance is conditional on a language score.

Start studying in America by learning the language in your own country.

Study in America and the educational admission conditions of America:
Plan to study in America at universities whose admission standards are close to your academic conditions.

Plan to study in America at universities where you have a reasonable chance of acceptance.

Admission criteria vary at different universities.

You can find out about the admission requirements for American universities with better conditions through Amin Pardaz International Institute.

Study in America at the best universities in America:
America does not officially list the best universities.

The ranking of American universities is determined based on lists compiled by private institutions or organizations that collect information about universities in this regard.

The ranking of American universities is determined based on the opinions of stakeholders, professors, research budgets, the number of students, the year of establishment, the number of fields, the number of professors, the number of articles, etc.

The ranking of American universities varies based on different references.

Study in America at a university that has suitable academic conditions for your field.

Study in America with educational documents from Iranian universities:
Studying in America with all educational documents obtained from Iranian universities that are approved by the Ministry of Science of the country is possible.

Studying in America with correspondence and electronic documents is not possible in most universities.

Admission to American universities is through student admission offices at the relevant university.

Before taking action, plan to study in universities that are in line with your conditions.

You can inquire about the admission requirements for American universities from our colleagues at the institute.

Studying in America usually requires a TOEFL (TOEFL) score of 85 or higher or an IELTS (IELTS) academic score of 6.5 or higher.

Studying in America usually requires an SAT score for undergraduate levels in most universities.

Studying in America usually requires a GRE score for postgraduate levels in most universities.

Studying in America usually requires a GRE score for PhD levels in most universities.

Acceptance criteria vary at different universities in America.

Studying in America is possible for students with different conditions due to the large number of American universities.

Study in America and the timing of action for American universities:
Plan to study in America one year before the end of your studies.

Studying in America is possible in most states in two academic terms.

Studying in America requires a TOEFL (TOEFL), IELTS (IELTS), GRE, SAT, LSAT, GMAT, and... score.

Therefore, prepare for the exams before the end of your studies.

You can register for TOEFL (TOEFL), IELTS (IELTS), GRE, SAT, LSAT, GMAT, and... through our institute's website.

Deadline for actions for American universities is usually about 6 to 8 months before the start of the academic term.

The deadline for American universities for the September term is usually until late December of the previous year.

The deadline for American universities for the December term is until late April.

Taking action for American universities as soon as possible will provide you with more options.

Some universities in America have flexible timing conditions, but it is still better to take action at the appropriate time.

Studying in America requires about 6-8 months for travel planning, obtaining a U.S. student visa, acceptance to American universities, and issuance of I-20 and F1 visas.

You can find the deadlines for each university through AminPardaz International Institute's website

Studying in America and age requirements

Studying in America is possible at all educational levels and age ranges.

Studying in America has no age restrictions.

Educational gaps in previous levels may affect your F1 student visa application.

The F1 student visa for studying in America is provided with appropriate age conditions for different educational levels.

You can easily obtain the F1 student visa through us.

The conditions for studying in America are explained along with all its requirements on the institute's website.

Studying in America

Studying in America for Iranian students

According to Open Door Institute's research for the 2013-2012 academic year, studying in America was possible for 655,819 international students.

Iranian students in American universities for the 2013-2012 academic year were approximately 8,744 based on the high statistics.

Services provided to Iranian or international students during their studies in America

Foreign student advisors at American universities are the primary centers to answer your questions.

Advisors in America act as intermediaries between students and universities and social centers in America.

During your studies in America, if an advisor cannot answer your question, they will refer you to the relevant center.

In American universities, you will usually have academic advisors.

Academic advisors at American universities usually have expertise in your field and can assist you.

American universities usually have counseling centers that can help you with immigration, personal, psychological, educational, and family issues.

Peripheral centers assisting students studying in America:

English language teaching centers during studies in America

Dormitories and housing assistance centers in America

Regular student assistance centers

Job placement centers in America

Studying in America and nutrition issues

Is halal food possible in America?

Some universities offer special meal plans for students with specific dietary needs, including halal food.

Find stores selling halal food from foreign student centers at universities or the following website:

Zabibhah.com

Studying in America, dormitories, and housing in America

During your studies in America, you can use dormitory facilities based on American university conditions.

Some students use suite or off-campus housing facilities.

Single-sex dormitories are available at most American universities.

Special married student dormitories are available at most American universities.

You can also use Home Stay facilities.

Studying in America and mosques in America

There are about 2,000 mosques for Muslims in America.

Ask foreign student advisors for information about mosques.

Studying in America and teaching methods for students in American universities

Studying in America has different structures at different levels and universities.

Studying in America is professor-centric in some universities, while seminars are held in others.

In some American universities, professors are responsible for teaching, and students in different educational levels hold discussion sessions in smaller groups.

Academic success in America requires your participation in class.

Classes in America may seem informal to you, for example, you can address professors by their first names.

Education in America emphasizes innovative and critical thinking.

During your studies in America, you must present your opinions on new situations.

During your studies in America, if you have a language deficiency, be sure to use university facilities to improve your language skills.

Studying in America and student health insurance in America

Studying in America requires foreign students to have health insurance.

Medical insurance in America during studies in America provides services based on agreements between American universities and insurance companies in America.

Review and study student health insurance and complete it if necessary.

During your studies in America, you can use medical facilities available at universities.

Medical expenses in America are very high, so you should reduce costs by using health insurance in America or using health and medical services at universities.

You can follow up on additional information about studying in America through us.

Studying in America:

American Student Visa (F1)

American Student Visa (F1) and Its Application Time

Once you receive acceptance from American universities, initiate the initial planning to complete the required forms and documents for the U.S. embassy.

Immediately apply for the U.S. student visa upon receiving the I20.

Select the U.S. embassy interview location based on ease of travel and appointment availability.

In Iran, there is no U.S. embassy or consulate; you must schedule the U.S. interview in one of the neighboring countries.

U.S. embassy appointments are available in Dubai, Yerevan, Ankara, Ashgabat, Baku, Kabul, and other locations.

U.S. embassy appointments are available in the United Arab Emirates, Armenia, Turkey, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Austria, England, and other countries.

Appointments for U.S. embassy visas for various types such as F1, F2, J1, J2, B1, and B2 are obtainable through the institution.

You must attend the U.S. embassy interview in person.

Pay the fees for the American F1 or J research visas.

Pay the required SEVIS Fee for the U.S. embassy for F or J visas.

You can pay the U.S. embassy fees or SEVIS Fee through us with low fees.

The required documents for the U.S. embassy vary for each applicant, but generally include:

Acceptance letter or I20 form

DS160 form

U.S. embassy fee receipt

U.S. embassy appointment

Educational documents

Financial documents

Passport or ID

The U.S. embassy interview assesses your U.S. visa status and your past and future educational conditions.

You can inquire about the U.S. embassy interview process through our institution.

The U.S. visa officer evaluates your previous visa conditions and your current visa status.

In general, they are not concerned about your academic conditions because you have an I20.

You must prove that you will return to Iran after completing your studies in the United States.

Your interview can be conducted in Persian or English.

If you lack English proficiency for the interview, embassy staff usually speak Persian. Otherwise, you can request a translator.

The required documents for the U.S. embassy must demonstrate that you or your sponsor can afford your expenses during your studies in America.

Have your bank statement or bank deposit printout for the last six months with you.

Past income tax forms can also be helpful.

Documents indicating your return after completing your studies in America:

Ownership documents

Employment letter

Family dependency documents

U.S. embassy interview time:

The duration of the U.S. embassy interview for obtaining a U.S. visa is approximately 10-15 minutes.

Visa Process:

The issuance process of your American visa after the interview at the U.S. embassy depends on the time required for clearance or FBI Check.

Clearance or FBI Check may take from one week to one year. Typically, clearance takes about two months.

You can obtain your American student visa with greater confidence with our assistance.

Studying in America

Studying at prestigious universities in America

Studying in America at the master's level (Master)

Studying in America at the doctoral level (PhD)

Studying in America and preparing the Statement of Purpose (SOP)

Statement of Purpose (SOP)

Statement of Interest (SOI)

The process of preparing SOP or SOI is fully explained on the institution's website.

You can receive examples of successful student SOPs in each field and level from the institution.

Studying in America at the master's and doctoral levels requires the preparation of an SOP. In your SOP, describe your interest in the chosen field in America, your experiences in the field, future educational goals, and compatibility with university professors.

You can obtain SOPs of successful students who have gone to America through us.

Studying in America and preparing a resume for American universities

Resume or Curriculum Vitae (CV) is required for obtaining acceptance from American universities.

You can receive examples of successful resumes or CVs of students from the institution.

You can find out how to prepare a resume for American universities on our website.

The process of preparing a resume is fully explained on the institution's website

Studying in America for master's and doctoral levels and the deadlines for university admissions have specific timelines.

You should plan to study in America 6 to 8 months before classes start.

For higher levels than the bachelor's degree, you can apply as soon as possible so that your acceptance application can be reviewed as quickly as possible in America if possible.

You can receive the time deadlines at the university through our institution.

Studying in America and obtaining recommendation letters from professors (Recommendation Letter)

Studying at American universities and obtaining educational acceptance requires having recommendation letters from professors at your universities.

Recommendation letters should describe your responsibilities and academic conditions.

Find someone to write a recommendation letter who:

Knows your academic courses.

Is familiar with your skills.

Is familiar with your job.

Will spend time with you.

Will evaluate you positively.

Can write a letter in English.

You can inquire about how to obtain recommendation letters from our colleagues at the institution or through the follow-up website.

Studying in America, Planning for Educational Expenses

Studying in America requires financial expenses.

Plan your study in America with proper financial planning to increase your success rate.

Studying in America at suitable universities with high global rankings is an investment for your future career.

Studying in America with smart financial planning prepares you for success.

Examine studying in America thoroughly before departure and embark on your journey with complete research.

Studying in America and Initial Expenses:

Studying in America, before and after taking action and receiving educational acceptance, requires its specific expenses.

Studying in America requires a student visa (F1), which entails related expenses.

Studying in America requires payment of tuition fees and other expenses.

Studying in America and its list of expenses include:

University application fee in America

Mailing documents to American universities and receiving acceptance or I20 by mail

Registration and reporting of language exams: TOEFL, IELTS

Registration and reporting of GRE, GMAT, SAT, LSAT, and other exams

U.S. embassy form (for student visas)

Travel to the U.S. consulate

Air ticket to America

Initial accommodation or dormitory at American universities

Dormitory and meals in America

Books, computers, and other necessities in America

Medical insurance in America

Clothing in America

Entertainment

Miscellaneous expenses in America

Plan your study in America with consideration of the above expenses.

American universities consider financial aid for excellent students. Take action early to receive it.

Follow up on further information about studying in America

Scholarships in America

Financial Aid for Education in America

Funds in America

Scholarships in America are usually available for outstanding students in the form of Research Assistant (RA) or Teaching Assistant (TA) positions.

University scholarships or financial aid in America is usually available through the university where you are studying.

Scholarships for studying in America at the graduate level have been offered to more than 50% of students, according to statistics.

Scholarships for studying in America at the undergraduate level have been awarded to 10% of students, according to statistics.

Scholarships in America are typically awarded to students pursuing master's and doctoral degrees.

Scholarships in America at the undergraduate level are awarded based on academic merit, social services, athletic abilities, talents, and arts, among other criteria.

Scholarships in America for master's and PhD programs are offered for assistantships, teaching, or research.

Assistantships at American universities during studies in America are granted in research (Research Assistant) or teaching (Teaching Assistant) roles.

Students on assistantship scholarships during their studies in America must either tutor students at lower levels or assist professors in research areas.

Scholarships in America are usually offered for the second semester onwards, once the professor becomes familiar with the student's performance during their studies in America.

University funds in America are usually provided through governmental, state, and private sources.

Financial aid for education in America is offered to approximately 4% of students.

You can follow up on studying in America or scholarship conditions through us.

Studying in America, Scholarships, and Education Expenses

Scholarships in America

Funding Education in America

Ways to Reduce Education Expenses in America

Work and Study in America

University Scholarships in America

State or Government Scholarships in America

Financial Aid for Education in America

Athletic Scholarships in America

Financial Assistance for Education for Bachelor's, Master's, and PhD Programs

Receiving scholarships in America after entering and commencing studies in America

Studying in America at the undergraduate level is possible for international students, and the conditions for utilizing scholarships and university aid are as follows:

Studying in America and Athletic Scholarships for Undergraduate Programs

Financial assistance for athletic studies is available to some students who enroll in study programs in America (usually undergraduate students are not eligible for assistance based on their athletic abilities). These students are expected to participate in their college teams while attending university.

Access to financial assistance in America varies greatly depending on the type of sport. Several sports that may be eligible for athletic scholarships include football, tennis, wrestling, and volleyball. Some sports, such as combat sports, receive very little scholarship assistance.

At the time of applying to study in America, include information about your participation in any sport on the college or university application form.

This is useful during the admission process in America at the undergraduate level, as well as in competing for scholarship opportunities in America.

If you are eligible for athletic scholarships, prepare documents demonstrating your abilities and contact college or university coaches in America for the sport you are interested in to find out if the college offers athletic scholarships and if you seem like a suitable candidate for receiving them. A coach can advocate for you and be involved in the decision-making process. If your coach in Iran can directly contact a coach in America, this can be very helpful.

You must complete all the requirements typically required of international student applicants. You will usually find out about receiving athletic scholarships in America around the time of acceptance to an American university.

Documents demonstrating your abilities

Recommendation letters from coaches that clearly demonstrate your athletic abilities, as well as your work ethic and training regimen, athletic achievements, and how you contribute to and inspire others on the team. Praise should be based on specific examples and reflect your particular strengths in a candid manner.

Make sure the writing is clear, free of spelling and grammatical errors, and includes your name in each relevant section. Have someone else review your essay, and review it yourself again after a few days to ensure that you have written what you want to say.

After submitting materials to an American university, follow up with coaches at the American university by email or phone. Throughout the application process, continue to ask questions, keep the coach informed of any new developments, and, most importantly, continue to express your interest in the American university, even if only periodically.

Before you can receive financial aid from an NCAA member institution in America or practice with their team, you must complete the forms of the NCAA College Athletics Association of America (NCAA). Other athletic conferences may have similar requirements.

If you are a student-athlete, familiarize yourself with the requirements for individuals planning to participate in collegiate-level sports in America, which belong to one of the three university athletic associations. While they follow the usual search, selection, and application process to colleges and universities that meet your needs, you must also take additional steps to qualify for participation and acceptance by the university as a representative for competitions organized by these associations.

Sports Associations in the United States

The oldest, largest, and most renowned sports association in the United States is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which operates at the collegiate level throughout the country.

In the United States, over 380,000 student-athletes participate in competitions.

This association consists of more than 500 American universities: the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA).

Sports scholarships in the United States are awarded to approximately 43,500 students through this association.

The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) has 50,000 student-athletes studying in 300 American universities. The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics is a national college sports association that encompasses four-year colleges and universities across the United States and Canada, many of which do not offer partial scholarships. Member institutions provide NAIA athletic scholarships based on name, state, and offering.

Each sports association in America sets its own eligibility criteria, which vary among divisions. For example, the requirements for NCAA I and II are very specific, requiring students to take between 9 and 12 classes, and each division decides on its own requirements. The requirements for NCAA III universities are different, and while these universities are not divisional, student-athletes who meet the academic requirements of NAIA and NJCAA may be eligible to participate in NCAA. Be sure to carefully review the eligibility criteria on the website of each association, whether NAIA or NJCAA universities. These include rules regarding the courses that must be taken from grades 9 to 12, the grades earned, and the graduation date. SAT/ACT scores should be obtained, and meeting the minimum eligibility criteria for sports associations in the United States and obtaining permission to play on a team are just part of this process. You must also meet the eligibility criteria for admission to the university of your choice, just like a non-athlete student. In many cases, university requirements are more difficult than eligibility criteria.

Prepare and send a sports resume: Prepare a 1 to 2-page resume to send to coaches at universities that meet your needs. This resume should be brief and concise, preferably in bullet point format. Write contact details and information about your sports history, achievements, rankings, and academic/sports goals.

Your GPA should clearly indicate your graduation date, your intended major (if known), your current or cumulative GPA, and your physical status such as height and weight. Sending a sports resume allows the coach to quickly assess your potential and suitability for the team, hoping to attract the coach's attention. Some coaches may request a video or DVD of the sport you play. This should not only be a tape to highlight some of your athletic points, but should include all aspects.

You may need to spend some time searching for sports opportunities in America and contacting coaches, so start this process 18 to 24 months before starting your studies in the United States.

Check with the "Athletics Department" section of the college or university website for details about coaches or other staff members. Admission office staff may also help you contact coaches. Sometimes a staff member with expertise in sports negotiations or admissions is available. Some college and university websites have questionnaires for future student-athletes that can be filled out online and may eliminate the need to send a sports resume.

In some cases, coaches actively recruit potential students by contacting them. While this is always commendable for athletes, be sure to look for alternative options that meet all your needs rather than just focusing on universities where coaches contact you.

Start planning as soon as possible - spend plenty of time researching academic and athletic options.

Get familiar with sports association rules and follow them.

Be serious and time-conscious.

Prepare and send a sports resume.

Athletic scholarships can cover all or part of tuition and living expenses.

You can request additional information about athletic scholarships through our colleagues at Amin Pardaz International.

Studying for a bachelor's degree in America with lower tuition.

Studying in the United States at the associate degree level in affordable universities and then transferring to other universities will result in lower tuition fees for you.

Many American students start their bachelor's degrees at a two-year community college in America because the tuition at these universities is usually significantly lower. (Always compare costs, though, as this is not always the case). Foreign students should be aware of this option in advance - enrollment of foreign students in local universities has doubled in the past decade.

Many students start their bachelor's degrees at local universities and graduate with an associate degree. They then transfer their credits to their bachelor's degree university and complete the final two years there.

Not all two-year degree certificates are transferable to a bachelor's degree. Some of these certificates are professional and designed for workplace skills and are therefore not transferable to a bachelor's degree. If you are planning to obtain a bachelor's degree, make sure to participate in a two-year educational program whose units are transferable to a bachelor's degree.

Transfer agreements and unit matching between two-year and four-year universities ensure that the maximum units of the associate degree are transferred to the bachelor's degree. Academic planning can be a complex task, so try to meet with your academic advisor at your two-year college early and also plan ahead for your favorite four-year universities.

Studying in the United States at the undergraduate level and scholarship/financial aid conditions

Financial aid based on need depends on the family income. Since verifying the income of international students is often challenging, many scholarship programs provide financial assistance based partly or wholly on academic merit (often called "merit scholarships"). Obtaining such scholarships usually requires achieving excellent grades and scores on exams and maintaining an outstanding class rank.

"Merit" scholarships are usually awarded to individuals with talents in visual or performing arts. You may need to present a portfolio of works or an audio or video recording containing part of your performance, or participate in an art exam. For more information, consult the relevant university.

Other scholarships may be based on leadership and participation in social activities and services, or you may be required to serve specific hours in local U.S. communities. For international students, this service may involve speaking about your country to various community or university groups.

Some scholarships are reserved for women (or, in fewer cases, for men), international students or U.S. citizens, members of specific religious or racial groups, or other special categories such as individuals with disabilities. Scholarships specifically for ethnic or racial minority groups in the United States are often only available to U.S. citizens, but it's worth checking if you can utilize such scholarships if not explicitly stated.

Athletic scholarships are usually awarded by universities with highly competitive sports teams in a specific sport. To qualify for this type of scholarship, you typically need to be highly skilled and capable of competing at the national level. Contact your favorite sports team. Make sure to carefully review the recruitment process and ensure that the recruitment process adheres to the regulations of the university sports association (usually the NCAA, National Collegiate Athletic Association).

Studying in the United States and methods of reducing educational costs by earning credits before arriving in the U.S.

Earning credits before even starting your university education can reduce the duration of your study program and your educational costs.

If you have previously taken credits for post-secondary courses, consult with admissions offices regarding credit transfer and alignment. You may need to evaluate and align credits with the accrediting organization recognized by your university or perhaps the university itself will do this. If you have been at another university for a year or more, inquire about the policies for aid for the first year versus transferred credits. Some universities offer less assistance to students who go there after their first year of university studies, and it may be better to compare all these factors with the tuition you save by entering as a transfer student.

Also, many higher education institutions award credits for successful completion of special exams that demonstrate your knowledge in a specific subject area equivalent to bachelor's level education. The most common types of these programs are the College-Level Examination Program (CLEP), DANTES/DSST Subject Standardized Tests, International Baccalaureate exams, or Excelsior College exams (formerly known as Regents College or New York Regents exams).

In fewer cases, universities may consider credits for non-university education, work experiences, or independent studies. If you are an older student with considerable "useful" experience, it may not hurt to explore this possibility and see if you can prove through a process of "documentation submission", "challenge exams," or other methods that the knowledge gained is comparable and compatible with the academic credits offered by the university of interest.

Studying in the United States with dual Iranian and American citizenship and its costs

If you are a U.S. citizen, you will be eligible for more assistance and federal aid. (Sometimes such aid is specifically reserved for non-U.S. citizens as well.) Make sure the university is aware of your citizenship in advance so that you can receive the correct information and forms related to financial aid.

Studying in America and Student Loans

Student Loans in America

Loans and financial aid with low interest rates, as you often see in many financial aid guidebooks and websites, are only available to U.S. citizens and permanent residents.

Regular bank loans will only be possible if you can find a U.S. citizen or someone who has lived in the United States for two years or more and has good credit to co-sign your loan. Co-signing means that if you default on your loan payments, the co-signer is responsible for repaying the loan, so it's a very serious decision for that individual.

Some professional university programs have created institutional loan programs where the university guarantees the student borrower. Institutional loans often have stricter conditions compared to regular loans with a personal guarantor: their interest rates are usually higher, loan amounts are often lower, additional fees may be charged, and students may be required to repay the loan within ten years after completing their studies, compared to regular bank loans that have longer repayment periods.

Prospective students applying to professional universities should inquire with the university's financial aid office and international services office if the university can provide student loans for international students. Also, if it's possible to get a personal guarantor for the loan, it's better to compare institutional loans with regular bank loans in terms of loan amount, repayment terms, and funding details.

Here are some questions that may be useful in exploring available loan options:

- How much money can be borrowed as a loan? The answer to this question varies from bank to bank: some loans cover the entire cost of education, including tuition, fees, room and board, and all other expenses minus financial aid. Some companies limit their loan amount to specific annual amounts. Minimum loan amounts also vary.
- How much interest will be charged annually? Is the interest rate fixed or variable? Are there "origination" or "guarantee" fees?
- How will the loan be repaid? Many banks have flexible repayment plans, including postponement for up to six months after graduation or upon leaving full-time status.

Another point to consider is the deadline set by different companies for loan repayment: usually ten, twenty, or twenty-five years. Longer repayment deadlines often mean higher interest or additional costs aimed at reducing the risk of default.

Student Loans in America for International Students

Obtaining such a loan will be challenging for you, but it's worth inquiring about.

The challenge for international students is to find a U.S. citizen guarantor, which is often a necessary condition for obtaining a loan. The guarantor must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident who has lived in the United States for at least two years and has good banking credit. Before applying for a loan, ask your potential guarantors to check their credit score as the loan approval will be based on it. If you default on loan repayment, your guarantor will be obligated to repay it, making loan guarantee a serious commitment.

Studying in America and Student Employment

Working While Studying in America

The amount of work permission in America

The maximum allowable work hours for individuals with student visas during the first academic year is twenty hours per week. During the first nine months, all employment must be on-campus—where competition may be fierce and the compensation may not be substantial.

Even after the initial nine months, working off-campus is highly restricted and subject to strict laws and regulations. Consult with an advisor for international students—working without permission can result in the cancellation of your student visa and expulsion from the United States.

While you may be able to cover expenses such as book costs and pocket money through employment, income from employment will by no means be sufficient to cover tuition fees or total living expenses.

Some universities have "co-op programs," which involve alternating study and work periods—this can be a suitable way to earn income and gain work experience. If employment is part of your academic program, it will not affect your maximum allowable off-campus employment hours. Other universities may have mandatory summer assistantship programs or provide support in finding jobs related to your field of study.

Research how much these options are available at your desired university, which resources support them, and which employers typically collaborate with that institution. It would be more beneficial if relevant departments had considerable experience in tracking international students. Again, before starting work through co-op or other jobs, consult with your university's international student advisor—you are only allowed to accept limited hours of work (usually twelve months during or after the study program) according to visa regulations.

Studying in America and Guaranteed Scholarships

Guaranteed Scholarships in America

If something seems too good to be true, it likely is. Unfortunately, some fraudulent companies take advantage of people seeking scholarships. Victims of such scams lose over $100 million annually. Generally, be skeptical of scholarship offers that demand payment, organizations that "guarantee" success in finding scholarships, and unsolicited scholarship mailing lists.

Studying in America and Living on a Budget

Life in America

Cost-saving in America

Student Life in America

Tuition in America and Ways to Save in America

To save on tuition, after starting university, check if there are any merit scholarships available for outstanding students. Some higher education institutions offer non-resident tuition waivers under specific conditions, and some universities and colleges offer scholarships or discounts to students engaged in cultural or leadership programs. All these opportunities can reduce your expenses by thousands of dollars - research them.

Many bachelor's degree programs in the United States offer credit-by-examination for tests that indicate mastery of college-level material. While some of these tests, like Advanced Placement exams, must be taken during high school, others like the College-Level Examination Program (CLEP) and DANTES Standardized Subject Tests (DSST) can be taken at any point during enrollment and the scores used for credit. Some testing centers exist outside the United States, including in the United Arab Emirates, and many colleges and universities have testing centers where these exams are offered. Check with your university admissions office for guidelines and the availability of local testing centers.

In America, tuition rates at some universities are lower during summer terms than during the academic year. Therefore, try to take classes during summer terms not only to save on tuition but also to shorten the time needed to complete your degree. Another option is to take some courses at evening or summer classes at a local university or any institution with lower tuition fees, provided your university accepts the credits earned.

Be realistic about the limitations in terms of the number and type of courses you take. Rushing through an English program for which you don't get credit or taking multiple courses simultaneously can be problematic. If you end up having to retake a course, not only will you be frustrated, but you'll also have to pay more.

Employment in America

Employment for international students in the United States is highly restricted and subject to strict regulations. During the academic year, you are only allowed to work twenty-four hours per week, and during the first nine months of your studies, you can only take jobs available on-campus.

Even afterward, employment off-campus in America is subject to relatively complex legal conditions and restrictions - discuss this matter with your university's international student advisor. Check if your university has a cooperative education program or can provide information about off-campus assistantship opportunities related to your field. Unfortunately, you can't expect to cover your living and educational expenses through employment alone. Employment can only help you cover part of your daily expenses.

You need to carefully plan your job arrangements to make the best use of your time. Try to find a job that enhances your academic progress (e.g., compiling a database for the business school or working in a chemistry lab). Such experiences will shine on your resume and may allow you to engage in study and research while working (especially some jobs in the library or computer lab).

Housing and Food in America

Housing costs in America constitute the largest portion of your expenses after tuition. Living off-campus can sometimes be cheaper, and sometimes not. If you're spending your first year of studies, it's almost always better to reside in university dormitories, as living in dorms not only usually provides a good environment to adjust to life in the United States but also finding and furnishing an apartment at an affordable price in a safe neighborhood requires local knowledge. While rent for off-campus housing may be lower, expenses such as utilities, heating, computer access, security, and transportation costs may make living off-campus significantly more expensive.

Many universities in America have cooperative houses or apartment-style housing and can provide good facilities for those who prefer to live off-campus or want their family members to live with them at the university. New international students can often apply for such housing options. Make sure to act quickly in this regard as there is likely high demand for such accommodations.

The cost of meals served at university dining halls in America is usually higher than what you cook for yourself. Nevertheless, consider whether you really want and will be able to cook regularly - university meal plans offer cheaper (and generally more nutritious) options compared to restaurant meals.

Other available options for saving on food and housing costs in America include:

- Rooming with friends or classmates and splitting rent. However, be realistic about the number of people and with whom you can comfortably live. Regardless of housing regulations (which limit the number of people who can live together in a residence), you'll need some private space for studying. Roommates, especially those with different habits and priorities, can be stressful.

- Residing in university dormitories as a resident assistant (RA). (This opportunity, which involves assisting other students in adjusting to university life and addressing their housing concerns, is usually available only to graduate students or those undergraduate students who have been at the university for several years).

- Living off-campus with relatives or family friends. This option depends on your luck in finding a suitable university near the residence of individuals willing to host you.

- Homestay in America, provided such an option is available at the university in America or in the community where you are settled. These cannot provide permanent housing for you but can help you stay for free or for a nominal fee and experience living with an American family. Establishing a good and friendly relationship with the host family can often be effective in reducing long-term expenses. Host families may be able to provide a place to stay during holidays and also transportation to a dentist on the other side of town and provide recommendations for suitable shopping places.

- In some universities, students may be able to work in exchange for receiving "one-person equivalent" free meals in the cafeteria.

Expenses Related to Education in America

Buying used books is an important skill for students trying to save on their expenses. Their key to success is to visit bookstores early to buy books at the most reasonable prices or to privately negotiate with students who have completed the relevant course at the end of the semester and buy their books.

You can often sell your textbooks at the end of the semester, but remember to keep them clean and tidy so that you can get a good price for reselling them.

Using computers available at the university computer site is cheaper than buying a personal computer, but at the end of the semester, these sites will be crowded. If you have to use the university computer site, you must be disciplined and not procrastinate in your work.

Healthcare in America

Before leaving your country, undergo necessary dental and optometry exams and take care of your health needs. Healthcare in the United States is generally more expensive than in your own country.

Skimping on purchasing health insurance is the worst way to save on expenses. Health insurance in the United States is very expensive, but it's worth it. If you get sick or injured and don't have sufficient health insurance coverage, you'll have to pay much more. Don't take the risk.

Transportation in America

Try to minimize your transportation expenses by staying close to the university and/or living where most of your necessary services are available. Avoid buying a car unless it's absolutely necessary for your location. Keep in mind that buying a car is just one of the expenses - insurance and necessary repairs will significantly add to the costs. If you absolutely must buy a car, be sure to take a car maintenance class to help reduce your car repair costs. Also, consult with someone familiar with the area to avoid being overcharged by an unfair mechanic.

Clothing and Miscellaneous Expenses in America

The cost of buying winter clothing in America can be a major expense for students from warmer countries. Consult with more experienced students regarding how to buy winter coats, layering multiple clothes to retain warmth effectively, and what kind of footwear protects your feet against ice and snow. As soon as you arrive at the university, try to make friends with people who know your community well - they can guide you to the best places to shop.

Purchase essentials before recreational amenities. Remember to source your "miscellaneous needs" from free resources. Many libraries have movie collections that they lend for free. Also, instead of buying magazines and newspapers, try reading them at the library. Find recreational activities that are free or have minimal costs, such as free concerts at the university or in the local community, free movie screenings sponsored by university groups, picnics in parks and local forests, etc.

Some other tips for saving on expenses in America include:

- Contact your family through email, IM, Viber, and the internet as much as possible - only occasionally or in emergencies call them by phone. Share your plans with your family so they don't worry.

- Consider what items you can bring from your country instead of purchasing them in the United States. Research to see what essential items are likely considerably more expensive (or rare) in the United States.

- Shop at stores that sell second-hand items and discount stores. For discounted items, visit thrift stores and second-hand furniture stores.

- Try to buy non-branded items instead of branded ones.

- Carry a small amount of cash when going out and leave your credit card at home.

- Avoid getting high-interest credit cards and loans.

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Studying in America and Academic Fields at American Universities

American universities offer suitable fields for all professions and academic disciplines

Academic fields in America are available for various levels of education

Choose academic fields in America according to job conditions in America and your future career in America or other parts of the world

Your academic field in America should preferably match your previous academic fields

The academic fields of American universities and their general conditions are as follows

Choosing an academic field for further study and information for scholarships:

• Art
• Aeronautics and Aviation Sciences
• Sociology
• Chemistry
• Education
• Political Science or International Relations
• Economics
• Dentistry
• Environmental Health Sciences
• Psychology
• Public Policy and Administration
• Journalism
• Music
• Oceanography
• Photography
• Urban Planning

Studying Art in America

In America, studying art can encompass anything from learning painting and photography to web design or home decoration. General studies in art may include taking various units such as photography, design, sculpture, woodworking, and more. These units are usually completed during the undergraduate program. However, as a person continues their education (for example, pursuing graduate studies), they may take units related to one or two specific artistic fields (such as computer design or interior decoration). While most undergraduate programs offer a variety of art courses, if you're still interested in acquiring specific skills (like sculpting), there are courses dedicated solely to these fields.

Art Institute vs. College/University in America

In America, for those who wish to pursue a degree specifically tailored to preserve and perfect their knowledge in a particular artistic field, an "Art Institute" stands as a preferable option over a regular college or university. Art institutions offer study programs that primarily focus on the execution and performance related to specific artistic fields. A college or university offers various comprehensive programs in specific fields of study and adopts a more interdisciplinary approach, which also includes general academic coursework.

Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) in America: Students pursuing a bachelor's degree in art in America receive either a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) or a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Humanities or their specialized field of study. A Bachelor of Arts in Humanities in America offers comprehensive academic courses covering general education requirements in social and human sciences, while a Bachelor of Fine Arts may focus solely on art-related coursework. The requirements for an undergraduate degree in art are determined by the art department of the institution and may or may not have an interdisciplinary academic approach.

Graduate Studies in Art in America:

In America, students pursuing graduate studies receive a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), or Doctorate (Ph.D.) depending on the institution and the academic program. The titles of degrees may vary depending on the institution and the academic program. Graduate students often choose specific areas from a diverse range of units such as painting, sculpture, illustration, color theory, fashion design, interior design, ceramics, glass, textiles, wood, metal, art history, art therapy, media arts, arts management, decorative arts, museum studies, etc.

Employment in Art in America:

In America, with a degree in art, professional opportunities in fields like painting, sculpting, illustration, cartooning, graphic design, web design, advertising, packaging design, design consultancy, jewelry design, glassmaking, ceramics, filmmaking, character design, 3D animation, game design, art therapy, and more are available.

Choosing an Art Program in America:

If you plan to continue your studies in this field in America, you should be familiar with academic orientations and current developments. Utilize existing resources and research active professors in your field of study and your suitable institutions.

In America, students with outstanding talents, especially at the graduate level, can also consider academic programs with specialized accreditation. The accrediting body for art is the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), www.nasad.arts-accredit.org.

Studying Aeronautics and Aviation Sciences in America:

Studying aeronautics and aviation sciences in America involves flight training and academic studies. There are over 100 colleges in America offering degrees in aeronautics and aviation sciences, with nearly half of them providing financial aid to international students. While aeronautics often goes hand in hand with aviation sciences, students can study it in combination with other aviation-related fields. Specializations and concentrations in aviation sciences include aviation management, air traffic control, aviation law, aviation transportation, and flight mechanics.

Bachelor's Degree in America:

Students pursuing a bachelor's degree in America can receive a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Aeronautics and Aviation Sciences or a Bachelor of Science in Air Transportation, Commercial Aviation, Flight Education, or Aviation Systems Management depending on specific universities. Students in this field prepare for exams conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Depending on the institution, students can complete the first two years of their four-year bachelor's program in a comprehensive community college and often have the opportunity to obtain a private and commercial pilot certificate at the end of the two-year program.

Graduate Studies in America:

Students pursuing a master's degree in aeronautics and aviation sciences in America receive a Master of Science (M.S.) degree. The titles of these degrees may vary in each university and program. Master's students often choose their specialization from a range of concentrations in aeronautics and aviation sciences such as aviation instructional technology, aviation management, aviation operations/aviation aerospace, safety systems, human factors in aviation systems, and space studies.

Employment Opportunities in America in Aeronautics and Aviation Sciences:

In America, individuals with a degree in aeronautics and aviation sciences can pursue professional opportunities such as commercial airline pilots, corporate pilots, professional flight crew members, air traffic controllers, airline managers, aerial applicators, cargo handlers, police aviation pilots, flight instructors, or skydiving pilots.

Choosing an Aviation and Aerospace Program in the USA:

In the USA, if you intend to pursue studies in this field, you must familiarize yourself with academic specializations and career opportunities. The airline industry is heavily reliant on the economy, determining the growth or decline of job prospects. Utilize current literature and consider university resources such as the availability of flight simulators for student training.

In the United States, all pilots carrying passengers or cargo must hold a commercial pilot certificate and instrument rating issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and require a minimum of 250 flight hours. For commercial airline transport, a pilot must possess an Airline Transport Pilot Certificate, requiring a minimum of 1,500 flight hours, along with night, instrument, and multi-engine ratings, and pass FAA written and flight exams.

Studying Sociology in the USA:

Sociology studies the human species, encompassing the study of ancient or contemporary human culture but not limited to it. Specializations in sociological studies include cultural, biophysical, physical, and medical anthropology. Each specialization focuses on different aspects of human populations and cultures within specific time frames. Obtaining a degree in sociology entails significant research, ranging from studying ancient tribal cultures to contemporary large and complex societies.

Bachelor's Degree in Sociology in the USA:

In the USA, students pursuing a bachelor's degree in sociology can obtain either a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Sociology. Both degrees offer diverse university courses, including mandatory coursework in social sciences and humanities for a BA and hard or natural sciences for a BS degree. Examples of available courses at the undergraduate level include Introduction to Sociology, Primate Behavior, Field Methods, Religion and Culture, Human Origins, Prehistoric World Cultures, and African, Asian, and other cultural studies.

Graduate Studies in Sociology in the USA:

In the USA, students pursuing graduate studies in sociology can earn a Master of Science (MS), a Master of Arts (MA), or a specialized Doctorate in Sociology. The titles of these degrees may vary depending on the university and program. Graduate students in sociology typically specialize in areas such as physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, social anthropology, psychological anthropology, legal anthropology, and forensic anthropology. Examples of available courses at the graduate level include Culture and Society, Ethnography, Developmental Anthropology, Political Anthropology, Gender Studies in Anthropology, Place and Ethnographic Studies, Legal Anthropology, Culture and Personality, and more.

Available Careers in Sociology in the USA:

In the USA, individuals with degrees in sociology can consider professional opportunities as museum curators, field archaeologists, university professors, officers, genetic counselors, environmental impact assessors, tourism consultants, social workers, etc.

Choosing a Sociology Program in the USA:

If you decide to pursue studies in this field in the USA, you should familiarize yourself with academic specializations and current university advancements. Use available literature, research active professors aligned with your academic and career goals, and consider suitable institutions for yourself. Educational centers in the USA offer counseling services and a variety of information to assist students in their search for universities and financial aid programs.

Studying Chemistry in the USA:

Chemistry deals with the study of the structure, composition, and properties of substances. As chemistry is an empirical science, students learn to design and conduct research to understand the physical world. Chemistry is traditionally divided into four fields: organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical. Specializations and concentrations in chemistry include analytical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and environmental chemistry. Obtaining a degree in chemistry entails significant research into observing how materials interact and combine.

Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry in the USA:

In the USA, students pursuing a bachelor's degree in chemistry can obtain a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BS) degree. Both BA and BS degrees offer diverse university courses, including mandatory general education in critical thinking and laboratory skills for the BA degree and hard or natural sciences for the BS degree. Examples of available courses at the undergraduate level include Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technology, Biochemistry, Meteorology, Soil Science, Materials Science, and Molecular Biology.

Graduate Studies in Chemistry in the USA:

In the USA, students pursuing graduate studies in chemistry can obtain a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), or Doctorate (Ph.D.) specializing in chemistry. The titles of these degrees may vary depending on the institution and academic program. Graduate students in chemistry typically specialize in fields such as Analytical Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, or Environmental Chemistry. Examples of available courses at the graduate level include Advanced Organic Chemistry I, Advanced Analytical Chemistry, Advanced Organic Chemistry II, and Advanced Physical Chemistry I.

Career Opportunities in Chemistry in the USA:

In the USA, holding a degree in chemistry opens up professional opportunities as an industrial research chemist, pharmaceutical researcher, high school chemistry teacher, chemistry laboratory technician, food materials specialist, government inspector, forensic laboratory analyst, environmental consultant, or legal chemist.

Choosing a Chemistry Program in the USA:

If you decide to pursue studies in this field in the USA, you should familiarize yourself with the specializations and current academic advancements. Utilize available resources and research professors whose goals align with your academic and career objectives, as well as identify suitable institutions for yourself. Education centers in the USA offer counseling services and a variety of information to assist students in their university search and financial aid programs.

Studying Education in the USA:

Education studies in the USA encompass creating the necessary skills for successful educators, including managing learning environments to administering daily school operations and educational programs. Education as an academic field offers numerous options for specialization and concentration.

Bachelor's Degrees in Education in the USA:

In the USA, students pursuing undergraduate studies in education receive a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in Education or related fields such as Special Education, Bilingual Education, Early Childhood Education, Art Education, and others. Education studies focus on learning about learning methods and best teaching practices. Coursework includes Educational Psychology, School Health and Safety Issues, Classroom Activity Planning, Multicultural Education, Educational Technology, Philosophy of Education, and Teaching Methods.

Graduate Studies in Education in the USA:

In the USA, students pursuing advanced degrees in education receive a Master of Arts (MA) in Education, Master of Education (Ed.M.), Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), or Professional Doctorate (Ph.D.). The titles of these degrees may vary depending on the institution and academic program. Graduate students in education take various specialized courses, such as Adult and Organizational Learning, Applied Linguistics, Comparative and International Education, Curriculum and Instruction, Early Childhood Education, Gifted Education, Motor Learning, Music Education, Educational Psychology, Special Education, and Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL). While courses are specialized, many programs also include a professional internship in the chosen field.

TESL Graduate Programs in the USA:

In the USA, students enrolled in TESL programs receive an MA, Ed.M., or Ed.D. degree. The purpose of these programs is to develop the ability of educators to design strategies based on theory, research, and practice to teach English as a second or international language. These programs also allow students to conduct comprehensive research on teaching and/or learning English as a second language. Examples of TESL coursework include Language Skills Teaching, Designing ESL Materials, Second Language Teaching Methods, Second Language Assessment, and Assessment of Language Programs, often supervised by a language teaching course.

Career Opportunities in Education in the USA:

In the USA, holding a degree in education offers professional opportunities in various fields such as childcare center management, family service coordinator, center management, educational researcher, curriculum specialist, education technician, school counselor, school management, school principal, educational content writer, advocate for the rights of exceptional children, psychologist, or political analyst.

Choosing an Education Program in the USA:

If you plan to continue your studies in this field, you should be familiar with academic trends and current developments. Use current resources, research active professors in your academic and professional goals, and identify suitable institutions for yourself. In the USA, students with outstanding abilities, especially at the graduate level, can also consider academically accredited programs. The specialized accrediting body in the field of education is the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) or the Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC).

Studying in the United States in Political Science and International Relations:

In the United States, political science involves the study of the origins, development, and functioning of political systems and public policies. Political scientists research a wide range of topics, including international relations, governmental institutions, political life, local politics, and the structure and functioning of government. International relations programs combine these concepts, applying them globally with a focus on foreign policy and cross-cultural issues. Both degrees in this field are considered interdisciplinary and encompass various subjects in their curriculum, such as history, economics, theory, and government.

Bachelor's Degree in Political Science and International Relations in the United States:

Students pursuing a bachelor's degree in political science or international relations in the U.S. receive a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. The BA degree includes comprehensive academic courses, including general education requirements in social and human sciences. Examples of courses offered at the undergraduate level include Modern World Governments, State and Local Governments, Environmental Policy, U.S. Foreign Policy, Comparative Politics, Intercultural Communications, and Globalization.

Graduate Studies in Political Science and International Relations in the United States:

Students engaged in graduate studies in political science or international relations in the U.S. receive a Master of Arts (MA) or a Doctorate (PhD) degree. The titles of these degrees vary depending on the institution and academic program. Master's students can specialize in various topics within political science/international relations, such as U.S. government, international development, international relations/affairs, comparative politics, philosophy and political theory, and public policy. Sample courses at the master's level cover Political Theory, Public Policy, Sustainable Development, U.S.-Mexico Relations, U.S. Policies, International Environmental Issues, and Regional Politics.

Careers in Political Science and International Relations in the United States:

With a degree in political science or international relations in the U.S., opportunities for professional roles are available in fields such as education, federal/local government, intergovernmental organizations, international trade/investment, journalism, management and administration, and non-governmental organizations.

Choosing a Graduate Program in Political Science and International Relations in the United States:

If considering further studies in this field in the U.S., it is essential to be familiar with academic specializations and current developments. Utilize available resources and research current faculty work to align with your academic and career goals, choosing the best institution for your needs.

There is no professional accreditation organization or systematic accreditation system for academic programs in political science/international relations in the U.S. However, prospective students should search for all regionally accredited programs on the website www.chea.org.

Organizations Related to Political Science and International Relations in the United States:

• American Political Science Association www.apsanet.org
• International Political Science Association www.ipsa.org
• Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs www.apsia.org
• Foreign Affairs www.foreignaffairs.org
• Foreign Policy www.foreignpolicy.com
• The Economist www.economist.com
• The National Interest www.nationalinterest.org

Studying Economics in the United States:

In the U.S., economics involves the study of the production and distribution of goods and services in relation to societal needs and desires. A graduate degree in economics applies principles, theories, logical reasoning, and mathematical formulas. The field includes the study of theories, policies, and trends that impact individuals, businesses, and nations. Economics is often divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics, with graduate studies focusing more on research in global and domestic financial policies. Proficiency in using technical analysis software is crucial at the graduate level.

Bachelor's Degree in Economics in the United States:

Students pursuing a bachelor's degree in economics in the U.S. can obtain either a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree. Both degrees offer diverse university courses, including general education requirements in social sciences and humanities for BA and hard or natural sciences for BS. Sample undergraduate courses include Principles of Microeconomics, Principles of Macroeconomics, Economic Statistics, International Economics, Money and Banking, and Trade and Government.

Graduate Studies in Economics in the United States:

Graduate students in economics in the U.S. can earn a Master of Arts (MA), a Master of Science (MS), or a specialized Doctorate (PhD) degree. The titles of these degrees may vary depending on the university and program. An MBA with a focus on business management may also emphasize economics. Graduate economics students often specialize in areas such as agricultural economics, development economics, economic systems, financial economics, microeconomics, macroeconomics, international economics, labor economics, and welfare economics. Sample courses at the graduate level include Economic Analysis, Economic Development, Policy Making, Environmental Policy, Labor Economics, Industrial Organizations, Poverty and Discrimination, and Law and Economics.

Careers in Economics in the United States:

With an economics degree, professionals in the U.S. can pursue careers in various fields, including research or managerial positions in government agencies, investment banks, and financial institutions. Economists can work in diverse areas such as trade, social sciences, and humanities.

Choosing an Economics Program in the United States:

If planning to continue studies in economics in the U.S., familiarize yourself with university specializations and current advancements. Utilize available academic resources and research faculty work to find the best institution for your academic and career objectives. Education centers in the U.S. provide counseling services and a diverse range of information to assist students searching for universities and financial aid programs. To find the nearest education counseling center in the U.S., visit www.educationusa.info/centers.php.

There is no professional accreditation organization or program for economics degrees in the U.S. However, prospective students should search for all regionally accredited programs on the website www.chea.org.

Dentistry Education in the United States:

Dentistry encompasses the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders and diseases related to teeth, gums, jaws, and surrounding bone structures. It is a branch of medicine that educates students on all aspects of dental care and its impact on overall patient health. The dental profession in the U.S. upholds high standards for treatment, oral care provision, and the management of related services, aiming to improve the overall health of individuals.

Studying Dentistry in the United States:

The requirements and admission process for studying dentistry and entering the dental profession in the United States differ from other countries and the home countries of international students.

In the United States, dental education is not offered at the undergraduate level. Students interested in dentistry can major in any field, but undergraduate programs in biological sciences, chemistry, physics, mathematics, as well as humanities, behavioral sciences, and social sciences, provide a strong foundation for admission to dental school. The minimum requirements for admission vary at each dental school.

First Professional Degree in Dentistry in the United States:

Dental education in the United States typically begins after a four-year undergraduate program. The first professional degree in dentistry is a four-year program from an accredited dental school leading to either a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) degree. The first two years consist of theoretical education and laboratory work in basic and clinical sciences, while the final two years primarily focus on clinical application of knowledge through supervised clinical rotations treating patients. All dental schools in the United States require you to take the Dental Admission Test (DAT) administered by the American Dental Association (ADA), and a high academic GPA is also among the admission requirements. Some dental schools in the United States offer combined programs alongside DDS or DMD degrees.

Programs in the United States with Matched Course Units:

In the United States, students who have incomplete dental education or a dental degree from non-ADA accredited schools can benefit from programs with matched course units. Students typically enter dental school in their second or third year. Graduates of foreign dental schools (non-ADA) can request an assessment of their level of matched course units through the centralized online application ADEA for International Dentists (ADEA CAAPID) for admission to these programs.

Some dental schools in the United States offer specialized short-term intensive courses called International Dentist Programs specifically designed for foreign dental graduates. The duration of these programs ranges from 2 to 3 years leading to a DDS or DMD degree, although some schools provide a certificate of completion. Note: The requirements and admission criteria for dental programs vary. Visit www.adea.org and the specific websites of these programs for admission procedures.

Advanced Education Opportunities in the United States for International Dental Graduates:

In the United States, General Practice Residency (GPR), Advanced Education in General Dentistry (AEGD), and ADA-approved specialty programs offer post-doctoral educational opportunities aimed at enhancing skills and advancing professional capabilities.

GPR and AEGD programs are usually one-year courses with an optional second-year residency after obtaining a dental degree.
The American Dental Association approves nine specialty programs: General Dentistry, Endodontics, Orthodontics, Oral Pathology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Radiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Periodontics, Prosthodontics. The duration of these programs varies from two to four years after obtaining a dental degree.
Advanced Education Programs in Dentistry in the United States:

In the United States, students interested in teaching, management, or research careers can pursue programs leading to Master of Science (MS) in Experimental Sciences, Master of Public Health (MPH) in General Management, Master of Hospital Administration (MHA), or a Doctorate among other options.

Dental Careers in the United States:

In the United States, holding a dental degree provides opportunities to work as a general dentist, association consultant, general dental health specialist, oral surgeon, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, oral pathologist, oral radiologist, endodontist, orthodontist, pediatric dentist, geriatric dentist, or prosthodontist. Some individuals start their private practices, while others choose teaching, research, or management roles in dental health, public dental policy, and international public health among other options.

Dental Practice License in the United States:

In the United States, graduates must fulfill the requirements set by the relevant authority to obtain a dental practice license in the state where they intend to practice dentistry. The licensing requirements vary depending on the chosen state but generally include graduation from a CODA-accredited dental program, satisfactory performance on the National Board Dental Examinations (NBDE Part 1 and 2), evaluation of foreign coursework by the Educational Credential Evaluators (ECE), English language proficiency confirmation, such as TOEFL, and a state clinical exam. To learn about specific state requirements for international dentists, visit www.ada.org/sections/educationAndCareers/pdfs/licensure_state_requirements_intl.pdf.

Choosing a Professional Dental Program in the United States:

Dental education programs in the United States must be accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA).

In the United States, the American Dental Education Association Associated American Dental Schools Application Service (ADEA AADSAS) facilitates the application process for dental schools. For eligibility and application details, please visit http://www.adea.org.

Note: Students in the United States are advised to review specific requirements and application processes on individual program websites. If your chosen program is not participating in AADSAS, apply directly to the respective dental school.

Admission to a dental school in the United States is highly competitive. Familiarize yourself with admission requirements, specializations, and current developments in the field. Identify programs that align with your preferences and goals. International students should research acceptance rates and accreditation of programs in their home countries.

Studying Environmental Health in the United States:

Environmental health education involves analyzing physical, biological, and health processes and developing solutions for current environmental issues. Both undergraduate and graduate degrees offer interdisciplinary programs and future-oriented courses focusing on the impact of the environment on the world in the coming years.

Bachelor's Degree in Environmental Health in the United States:

Students pursuing a bachelor's program in public health or environmental science in the United States can obtain a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree. The BS degree covers comprehensive academic programs, including natural sciences. Sample courses at the undergraduate level include environmental issues, political ecology, natural resources, environmental data analysis, environmental ethics, environmental medicine, and disease physiology.

Advanced Degrees in Environmental Health in the United States:

Students pursuing advanced programs in environmental health or environmental science in the United States can earn a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Environmental Management (MEM), Master of Public Health (MPH), or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Environmental Sciences or Public Health. The titles of these degrees may vary across universities and programs. Graduate students usually select from a range of disciplines related to environmental or public health, such as environmental biology, environmental chemistry, environmental geology, environmental health, aquatic ecology, forest resource management, soil ecology, environmental conservation, and natural resource management. Sample courses at the graduate level include sustainable agriculture, environmental design tools and techniques, water law and resources, epidemiology, exposure assessment, and toxicology.

Careers in Environmental/Health Sciences in the United States:

With a graduate degree in environmental or health sciences, you can pursue career opportunities as an environmental consultant, environmental law attorney, educator, industry resource manager, park services manager, physician, public health administrator, environmental advocacy group coordinator, or regulatory compliance officer.

Choosing an Environmental Health/Science Program in the United States:

If you plan to continue your education in this field in the United States, familiarize yourself with educational specializations and current trends. Utilize updated literature and align research findings of faculty with your academic and professional objectives. EducationUSA centers offer counseling services and a variety of resources to assist students in searching for universities and financial aid programs.

No professional accrediting organization or program exists for environmental or health science programs in the United States, but prospective students should ensure that all programs are accredited in their region through www.chea.org.

Associations Related to Environmental/Health Education in the United States:

• Association of Environmental Health and Sciences (www.aehs.com)
• Association of Environmental Health Academic Programs (www.aehap.org)
• Association for Environmental Studies and Sciences (www.aess.info)
• Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (www.aeesp.org)
• National Environmental Health Association (NEHA) (www.neha.org)
• National Center for Environmental Health (www.cdc.gov/nceh)
• World Health Organization (www.who.int)

Research Journals in the United States Related to Environmental/Health Education:

Environmental Health, Journal of Environmental Health, Energy and Environmental Science, and Environmental Conservation

Studying Psychology in the United States

Psychology focuses on the study of human behavior, drawing on a mixture of statistics, biology, neuroscience, culture, or health in its theories. Obtaining a degree in psychology prepares you for careers in fields such as business, social work, counseling, research, or education.

Bachelor's Degree in Psychology in the United States:

In the United States, students pursuing a bachelor's degree in psychology receive a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BS) in Psychology. Both BA and BS degrees feature comprehensive academic courses covering general education requirements in social sciences and humanities for BA programs and hard or natural sciences for BS programs. Sample courses offered in undergraduate programs include social psychology, cross-cultural psychology, alcohol and drug abuse, qualitative research methods, statistical analyses, cognitive psychology, and child development.

Graduate Studies in Psychology in the United States:

In the United States, students pursuing graduate studies in psychology can earn a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), or Doctorate (Ph.D.) in Psychology. The titles of degrees vary depending on the institution and program. Graduate students typically select their desired specialization from various options, including clinical psychology, counseling, child development, cross-cultural, spiritual, health, school, industrial-organizational, neuroscience, social, and experimental psychology. Sample courses offered at the graduate level include judgment and decision-making, statistics, ethical reasoning, introductory practical teaching, advanced practical teaching, diagnostic interviewing, evolution, culture and behavior, and mathematical principles for linguistic and communicative studies.

Psychology Careers in the United States:

With a degree in psychology in the United States, you can seek career opportunities as a school health officer, researcher, university professor, business consultant, social worker, psychiatrist, and psychologist.

Choosing a Study Program in Psychology in the United States:

If you intend to pursue further studies in this field in the United States, you should familiarize yourself with university specializations and current advancements. Utilize current literature and research of professors to align with your academic and professional goals and select the best institution for yourself.

In addition to reputable colleges and universities in the regional lines that recommend studying psychology, prospective students, especially at the graduate level, can also find accredited programs. The American Psychological Association (APA) accredits professional organizations in psychology, www.apa.org.

Associations and Organizations Related to the Study of Psychology in the United States:

• American Psychological Association (APA) www.apa.org
• Association for Psychological Science www.psychologicalscience.org
• International Association for Relationship Research www.iarr.org
• International Society of Political Psychology www.ispp.org
• Society for Judgment and Decision Making www.sjdm.org
• Society for Personality and Social Psychology www.spsp.org
• Society for Personality Assessment www.personality.org

Studying Public Policy and Administration in the United States:

Public policy refers to the process of organizational decision-making and political, managerial, financial, and administrative policies to achieve set objectives. Public administration involves the study and application of government policies, including government and non-government management. These two fields of study are inevitably intertwined and have converged over time.

In the United States, graduate students typically choose from various specialized fields in public policy and administration, such as criminal justice, social development, economic development, education, environmentally conscious policies, financial affairs, information technology, nonprofit management, public health and care, transportation, or urban management.

Master of Public Administration (MPA) in the United States:

In the United States, students in the field of Public Administration acquire skills in the following areas: implementing policies, projects, and programs that address significant social issues; addressing organizational challenges, human resources, and budgetary matters; and analyzing public policy. Examples of courses offered to MPA students include human resources, budgeting and financial processes, information systems, policy determination and planning, implementation and evaluation, ethical principles, decision-making and problem-solving, political and legal institutions, economic and social institutions, and organizational and managerial concepts and behaviors.

Master of Public Policy (MPP) in the United States:

In the United States, MPP programs place greater emphasis on research and analysis, focusing on data analysis, policy analysis and evaluation, and designing solutions to political issues. Examples of courses offered to MPP students include microeconomics, public finance, advanced statistics and data analysis, qualitative research, policy process, political analysis, political management, urban policy, and program evaluation.

Combined Programs in Public Administration in the United States:

In the United States, in addition to the option of a combined MPA/MPP program, some MPA and MPP programs can be combined with other postgraduate programs. These programs often allow students to obtain both degrees in less time than separate study of each program would require. MPA and MPP programs can be combined with postgraduate programs in law, social work, healthcare administration, regional and urban studies, engineering, communications, or business.

Doctoral Programs in Public Administration in the United States:

In the United States, there are two different options for students interested in pursuing a doctoral degree in Public Policy and Administration. A Ph.D. in Public Policy and Administration is an academic degree focusing on advanced political analysis, while a Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) is a professional degree emphasizing general management techniques and extensive managerial experiences.

Public Policy and Administration Careers in the United States:

In the United States, with a postgraduate degree in Public Policy and Administration, you can seek professional opportunities in titles such as political analyst, consultant or government manager, non-profit organizations, multilateral and regional organizations, or private consulting agencies.

Choosing a Study Program in Public Policy and Administration in the United States:

In the United States, if you are considering continuing your studies in this field, you should familiarize yourself with university specializations and current advancements. Use current literature and research by professors to align with your academic and career goals and select the best institution for yourself.

In addition to reputable colleges and universities engaged in regional research, which recommend studying public policy and administration, promising students, especially at the postgraduate level, can also find accredited programs. The accrediting body for professional programs in public policy and administration is the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA), www.naspaa.org.

Organizations Related to the Study of Public Administration in the United States:

• Association for Public Policy Analysis & Management www.appam.org
• American Society for Public Administration www.aspanet.org
• National Academy of Public Administration www.napawash.org
• American Political Science Association www.apsanet.org
• Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs www.apsia.org

Studying Journalism in the United States:

Most individuals engaged in journalism or mass communications are responsible for gathering facts and informing the public about local, state, national, or international affairs. Typically, they will specialize in a specific field such as health, politics, commerce, foreign affairs, sports, religion, theater, weather, or social events. While journalism programs encompass fields such as communications, journalism focuses on written products (e.g., newspaper articles), while communications covers a broad range of media, from print publications to radio-television broadcasting.

Bachelor's Degree in Journalism in the United States:

In the United States, students pursuing a Bachelor's degree in Journalism and Communications can earn a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in Journalism and/or Communications. The titles of these degrees may vary at each university and program. However, both BA and BS degrees are comprehensive undergraduate programs that include mandatory courses in social sciences and humanities for BA degrees, and natural sciences for BS degrees. Examples of courses available at the undergraduate level include news writing and reporting, news editing, ethical principles of journalism, interpretation and critical writing, visual storytelling, mass media in society, psychology of communication, and semantics.

Graduate Level in Journalism in the United States:

In the United States, students pursuing a Master's degree in Journalism and Communications can obtain a Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) degree, or a Doctorate (PhD) degree in Journalism, Communications, or a combination of both. The titles of these degrees may vary at each university and program. Graduate students typically select a graduate degree program that focuses on a specific field within journalism, such as public relations, publishing, editing, mass communication, technology and communications, writing and communications policy. Examples of courses available at the graduate level include: the world of mass communication, video production and editing, writing for electronic media, professional issues and ethics, news writing, principles of contemporary issues in mass communication, reporting, video communication for public relations and marketing, familiarity with legal communications, mass communication internships, studio production, and multimedia storytelling.

Careers in Journalism and Mass Communication in the United States:

In the United States, with a degree in journalism or communications, you can pursue career opportunities in news reporting, writing, editing, broadcasting, and article writing in advertising, marketing, and public relations.

Choosing a Journalism and Mass Communication Program in the United States:

In the United States, if you plan to continue your education in this field, you should become familiar with educational orientations and current developments. Use updated literature and research by professors to align with your academic and professional goals and select suitable universities. EducationUSA centers offer counseling services and a variety of resources to help students searching for universities and financial aid programs. To find the nearest EducationUSA counseling center, visit www.educationusa.info/centers.php.

In addition to searching for colleges and universities with regional accreditation that offer education in journalism and mass communication, future students, especially for postgraduate education, can select accredited professional education programs. The accrediting body for journalism and mass communication is the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC), www2.ku.edu/~acejmc.

Organizations affiliated with Journalism and Mass Communication education in the United States:

• Student Press Network www.studentpress.org/acp/
• Journalism Education Association www.jea.org
• American Journalism Review www.ajr.org
• Community College Journalism Association www.ccjaonline.org
• National Association of Hispanic Journalists www.nahj.org
• Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication www.aejmc.org

Studying Music in the United States:

A degree in music is a comprehensive option for those interested in music beyond a hobby or recreation. Strong music education allows students to improve and refine their performance skills, gain access to modern music technology, acquire a comprehensive background in theoretical and historical music, and participate in public concerts and solo performances. Admission to music programs often requires an interview and artistic examination and/or a minimum presentation of recorded performance by the applicant.

Art Institutes and Colleges or Universities in the United States:

In the United States, an art institute is an institution designed to preserve and enhance knowledge in the field of fine arts. The art institute offers graduate programs that primarily focus on practice and performance related to a specific specialization in music. A college or university offers diverse and comprehensive programs with various specialties in this field and may or may not adopt a multidisciplinary approach, which includes general education courses.

Bachelor's Degree in Music in the United States:

In the United States, students pursuing a Bachelor's degree in music can earn a Bachelor of Music (BM) or Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in Music. Both humanities and science degrees offer a variety of university-level courses, including music theory, jazz history, world music, advanced listening skills, concert performance, keyboard skills, and performance studies (piano, trombone, vocals, etc.).

Advanced Studies in Music in the United States:

In the United States, students pursuing advanced studies in music can earn a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Music (MM), or a specialized Doctorate (PhD) degree in Music. The titles of these degrees may vary at each university and program. Graduate students typically specialize in various fields within music such as composition, sacred music, conducting, music ethnology, jazz studies, music education, music history, music technology, musicology, piano accompaniment, music instruction and performance (percussion, vocals, trumpet, etc.), vocal engineering, or theory. Examples of available courses at the graduate level include music in the Baroque era, music in India, research methods in music, advanced electronic composition, performance/ensemble studies, post-tonal music theory, and sound physics and music.

Careers in Music in the United States:

In the United States, with a degree in music, you can consider professional opportunities as an arranger, booking agent, composer, orchestra conductor, music sheet editor, ethnomusicologist, music manager, music instructor, music therapist, musicologist, professional host/performer, and sound and audio technician.

Choosing a Music Program in the United States:

In the United States, if you plan to continue your education in this field, you should become familiar with specializations and current advancements in academic institutions. Utilize available literature and research from professors that align with your academic and career goals and consider suitable institutions for yourself. Education centers in the United States offer counseling services and a diverse range of information to assist students in search of universities and financial aid programs. To find the nearest Education counseling center in the United States, visit www.educationusa.info/centers.php.

In addition to searching for colleges and universities with regional accreditation that offer music programs, future students, especially at the graduate level, can also identify accredited professional education programs. The accrediting organization for professional music education is the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) (http://nasm.arts-accredit.org).

Organizations and Associations Related to Music Education in the United States:

• National Association for Music Education www.menc.org
• Musical America www.musicalamerica.com
• College Music Society www.music.org
• American Society of Ancient Music Instruments www.baroque-asai.org
• American Musicological Society www.ams-net.org
• Music Teachers National Association www.mtna.org
• American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) www.ascap.com
• Society for Music Theory www.societymusictheory.org
• NAMM Foundation www.nammfoundation.org

Studying Oceanography in the United States:

Oceanography is an interdisciplinary scientific field that combines biology, chemistry, geology, physics, geophysics, mathematics, botany, zoology, meteorology, and geography to enhance our understanding of ocean environments. Research in oceanography includes studying waves, tides, coastal processes, planktonic ecosystems and abyssal zones, sea and atmospheric level changes, and ocean circulation.

Bachelor's Degree in Oceanography in the United States:

In the United States, students pursuing a Bachelor's degree in oceanography can earn a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in anthropology. Both humanities and science degrees offer a variety of university-level courses, including biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, humanities, marine resource management, environmental studies, biological, chemical, or physical oceanography, and marine field projects.

Graduate Studies in Oceanography in the United States:

In the United States, students pursuing advanced studies in oceanography can earn a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), or Doctorate (PhD) degree in Oceanography. While both humanities and science degrees encompass research and practical experiences, the science-oriented program typically involves more hands-on experiences such as internships and research projects like a thesis. Graduate students in oceanography often specialize in various subfields such as marine science, coastal studies, ocean studies, coastal zone management, marine biology, ocean engineering, naval engineering, naval architecture, fisheries management, and aquaculture sciences. Examples of available graduate-level courses include biological oceanography, geological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography, coastal zone management, principles of marine biology, marine and environmental chemistry, principles of physical oceanography, urban planning, principles of geological oceanography, and coastal systems planning.

Careers in Oceanography in the United States:

In the United States, with a degree in oceanography, you can pursue professional opportunities in marine exploration, marine metallurgy, environmental conservation, monitoring global climate change, renewable energy, remote sensing, maritime transportation, artificial marine habitats, estuary restoration, ocean physics, oceanography management, and meteorological management.

Choosing an Oceanography Program in the United States:

In the United States, if you intend to continue your education in this field, you should familiarize yourself with specializations and current advancements in academic institutions. Utilize available literature and research from professors that align with your academic and career goals, and consider suitable institutions for yourself. Education centers in the United States offer counseling services and a diverse range of information to assist students in search of universities and financial aid programs. To find the nearest Education counseling center in the United States, visit www.educationusa.info/centers.php.

In addition to searching for accredited colleges and universities in the region that offer oceanography programs, prospective students, especially at the graduate level, can also identify professional-level courses. While there is no accrediting body specifically for oceanography, be sure to search for all regionally accredited and recognized programs at www.chea.org.

Organizations and Associations Related to Oceanography in the United States:

• International Association for Biological Oceanography, www.iabo.org
• International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans, http://iapso.sweweb.net
• American Meteorological Society, www.ametsoc.org
• Global Ocean Observing System, www.ioc-goos.org
• Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, www.ioc-unesco.org
• The Oceanography Society, www.tos.org

Studying Photography in the United States:

In the United States, interested students can pursue university degrees or certificates in photography at universities/colleges, community colleges, vocational/technical schools, and/or private business schools in the United States. Photography programs include instruction in lighting, composition, exposure, metering, film selection, lenses, filters, camera techniques, and use of specialized equipment.

Art Institute/Institute or University in the United States:

An art institute or art institute is a school designed to offer specialized art courses with a focus on practical applications. The university or college combines a multidisciplinary approach that includes general educational courses as well as work in specialized art courses.

Bachelor's Degree in Photography in the United States:

In the United States, students enrolled in a bachelor's degree program in photography can earn an Associate of Arts (AA) degree in photography, a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree in photography.

While the associate and bachelor's programs focus more on photography, the bachelor's programs offer broader educational programs that include requirements for general education courses in social sciences and humanities. The associate's degree prepares individuals for entry-level careers in photography, digital photography, and communication industries such as assistant photographers, digital photographic artists, or studio, commercial, and photographers of ready-made items. These programs are generally shorter than university/college courses and do not last more than two years. Examples of accessible undergraduate courses include principles of photography, lighting, color and design, history of photography, image manipulation, digital image processing, and studio photography.

Photography Supplementary Courses in America:

In the United States, students pursuing supplementary courses in photography can obtain a Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree in photography, or a PhD in photography. The titles of these degrees may vary across different universities and programs. However, Master's degrees are primarily designed for individuals who wish to use their photography skills for teaching. The courses delve deeply into photography, focusing on scientific, research-oriented, and critical teaching. Master of Fine Arts degrees are more geared towards professionals who intend to use their photography skills to earn a living as photographers. Typically, graduate students may choose among various concentrations in photography, such as image processing, print media, visual communications, graphic and interactive communications, digital photography, advertising, graphic design, printmaking, and visual effects.

Photography Careers in America:

According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook 2011-2020, more than half of photographers in America are self-employed, which is significantly higher compared to most professions. Many of them own studios or work from home as portrait photographers or for special events. Other photographers may work for the government, advertising agencies, newspapers, or scientific, medical, or research organizations.

Choosing a Photography Program in America:

Photography serves various purposes in America, including portrait and advertising. Therefore, if you intend to further your education in this field, you should familiarize yourself with the different styles used in each of these professions and in photography in research journals and magazines. EducationUSA centers provide counseling services and a variety of resources to assist students seeking universities and financial aid programs. To find the nearest EducationUSA counseling center, visit the following website: www.educationusa.info/centers.php

Additionally, prospective students, especially those pursuing graduate studies, can identify accredited academic programs in photography in their region. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD) accredits programs for art and design universities: http://nasad.arts-accredit.org

Photography Clubs and Associations in America:

• American Photographic Artists (APA): www.apanational.com
• American Society of Media Photographers (ASMP): www.apag.net
• The International Photographic Art Council: www.epic-photo.org
• International Fire Photographers Association: www.ifpaweb.org
• National Press Photographers Association (NPPA): www.nppa.org
• National Stereoscopic Association: www.stereoview.org
• North American Nature Photography Association: www.nanpa.org
• Wedding and Portrait Photographers International: www.wppionline.com
• White House News Photographers Association: www.whnpa.org

Urban Planning Studies in America:

Urban planning involves studying the built environment of cities, towns, and other urban areas. It is closely related to environmental studies, preservation, and land use planning and is often offered in architecture schools. A Bachelor's degree focuses on transportation, economic development, housing, and environmental conservation. Graduate studies, whether Master's or PhD, require a blend of theory and practical experience. Master's programs often specialize in social-economic or environmental studies. Research projects are common, and a thesis is usually required to obtain a Master's degree.

Bachelor's Degrees in Urban Planning in America:

In the United States, students pursuing a Bachelor's degree in urban planning can obtain a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BS) in urban planning. Both degrees offer diverse university courses that include general education requirements in social sciences and humanities for BA degrees and hard or natural sciences for BS degrees. Coursework may include introductory theories of planning, planning applications, urban history, community development, environmental planning, regional studies, and social issues.

Graduate Studies in Urban Planning in America:

Students pursuing graduate studies in urban planning in the United States can earn a Master of Arts, Master of Science (MS), Master of Urban and Regional Planning (MURP), or a specialized Doctorate in Urban Planning, depending on the institution and program. Students often specialize in urban design, regional or urban planning, transportation systems, environmental planning, or sustainable development. Coursework at the graduate level may include environment and planning, biodiversity and conservation, community management, environmental engineering, sustainable communities, social welfare policies, and international environmental professional responsibility.

Urban Planning Careers in America:

With a degree in urban planning in America, opportunities include land use planners, geographic information system managers, transportation planners, grant writers, housing coordinators, park planners, architects, cartographers, and other roles in national and local government agencies and private consulting firms related to regional, community, and economic development.

Choosing an Urban Planning Program in America:

In America, if you plan to pursue studies in this field, familiarize yourself with university offerings and current academic trends. Utilize available literature and research professors aligned with your academic and career goals. Education centers in America provide counseling services and a variety of information to help students seeking universities and financial aid programs. To find the nearest education counseling center in America, visit www.educationusa.info/centers.php.

In addition to searching for accredited colleges and universities offering urban planning programs in the area, prospective students, especially those in graduate studies, can also identify professionally accredited scientific programs. The accreditation body for urban planning is the Planning Accreditation Board (www.planningaccreditationboard.org).

Associations and Organizations Related to Urban Planning Education in America:

• American Planning Association: www.planning.org
• Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning: www.acsp.org
• Citizens' Housing and Planning Association: www.chapa.org
• Regional Plan Association: www.rpa.org
• Planetizen: Planning and Development Network: www.planetizen.com

Higher Education in America in the Field of Arts

When someone intends to pursue a professional career in visual arts, they must first determine whether they have the talent, motivation, and discipline to be an artist or designer. The next step is to decide on career goals. After analyzing career goals, prospective artists must carefully consider educational options that are relevant to their needs and objectives. This means choosing a professional art school or enrolling in a four-year university program in fine arts.

The educational system in America is aware of the need for a wide range of institutions offering art education. Therefore, efforts have been made to establish high-quality programs and resources in art colleges, music conservatories, and universities. Currently, more than 1700 programs in visual arts are available in numerous educational institutions in America, ranging from universities offering academic degrees to art schools and vocational schools offering certificate programs. Almost three hundred of these programs are accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD).

Visual Arts Programs in America

In America, individuals enrolled in a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) program usually obtain a professional university degree or a degree in fine arts. Professional fine arts programs in American educational institutions focus on advanced specialized training, emphasizing the acquisition of mental and technical skills necessary for a professional artist.

In America, a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) or Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in fine arts, with a major in painting or design, emphasizes a broad range of general studies, with at least one-third of it consisting of fine arts coursework. If specialization in a specific artistic field, such as photography, is to be pursued, then according to NASAD guidelines, at least 35% of the coursework in visual arts should focus on that specific specialization.

In America, awarding a university degree at the undergraduate level in art and design usually takes the form of a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) degree. To obtain such a degree, NASAD guidelines recommend that at least 60% of the coursework in this program be devoted to studio assignments or related areas, supported by complementary courses in other fields. Most of the time, a specialized field or major is part of the B.F.A. title, such as a B.F.A. in painting or a B.F.A. in graphic design. When choosing a B.F.A. with a specialization in a major, 25% of the total required credits for program completion must be in the specialized field.

In America, at the graduate level, initial university degrees with broader emphasis include Master of Arts (M.A.) in art history, art criticism, art education, museum studies, or in studio art, and Master of Science (M.S.) in art education and art therapy. Final university degrees include Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in art history or art criticism, or Doctor of Philosophy in art education.

Furthermore, a Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) degree is also considered a terminal university degree and is awarded upon completion of a postgraduate program, which emphasizes experience in a professional art school specializing in visual arts. M.F.A. degree programs emphasize experience in a specific area of visual arts and usually consist of two years of full-time study at the graduate level. The M.F.A. program includes art history, criticism, and aesthetics. A final project demonstrating professional competence is mandatory for M.F.A. candidates.

Admission Requirements for B.F.A. in America

The minimum requirements for admission to a B.F.A. program at an educational institution in America are essentially the same as those required for entry into any undergraduate program, but with a few exceptions. A student applying to an art school or university program must have a high school diploma, pass the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), or the American College Testing (ACT) assessment program, and may need to submit letters of recommendation and interview with an official at the university. International students usually need to demonstrate proficiency in the English language and may need to take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) for the universities they are interested in.

Additionally, it is important that the student's high school transcripts include courses in painting and design. However, if, for any reason, the high school does not offer courses in painting, it is strongly recommended that the student take these courses at a local art institution or through personal studies alongside a painter or designer.

Moreover, most educational institutions in America require the submission of a portfolio of completed projects as part of the application process for graduate studies. Typically, the university will specify exactly what type of projects it expects to see in this portfolio. Usually, this project portfolio should include fifteen paintings in the original form, slides, or photographs. Submitting slides or photographs of three-dimensional arts (sculpture, jewelry, furniture, ceramics, crafts, etc.) is preferred over submitting the originals.

The review of the project portfolio is conducted by the faculty committee of the prospective university. Student project portfolios are judged based on initiative, creativity, ability to paint from real objects, and proficiency in color application and design skills.

Acceptance Conditions for M.F.A. Programs in the USA

To be accepted into a graduate program in visual arts in the USA, completing a bachelor's program in certain artistic or design fields is usually required. Although a B.F.A. degree is not an absolute prerequisite for admission to an M.F.A. program, most graduate institutions require applicants to have completed forty to sixty credit hours of coursework in an arts college.

Generally, minimum acceptance conditions in the USA include submitting transcripts, recommendation letters, and a statement of purpose. For some universities, presenting scores from the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is mandatory. Like the requirements for a portfolio in undergraduate admissions, all universities require seeing a portfolio of work for graduate admissions. An applicant for a graduate program must demonstrate proficiency in a specific field of visual arts.

Studying Architecture and Related Fields in the USA

Below are brief definitions of some fields and concentrations that may be useful for individuals seeking to continue their education in architecture and related fields in the USA.

Studying Architecture Engineering: This field, mostly offered outside the United States, is a blend of architectural and engineering education. Some programs emphasize civil and structural engineering alongside architecture, while others focus on electrical and mechanical engineering concepts. In the USA, architectural engineering is usually presented as a specialization within architecture or broader engineering programs.

Studying Architectural History: The study of architectural regions and/or specific periods. This field may be offered through art history departments or as an independent program. The "Society of Architectural Historians" provides a list of graduate programs related to this field.

Studying Architecture: The art and science of building design. Obtaining a professional license as an architect in the United States requires obtaining a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) or a Master of Architecture (M.Arch.) accredited by NAAB, completing a three-year internship, and passing the Architect Registration Examination administered by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards. (Individuals who are not registered as professional architects can still practice architecture, but they generally must work under the supervision of a registered architect.) For more details, refer to other articles in the architecture section related to Iranian students' education in the United States (EducationUSA Iran).

Studying Civil Engineering: Studying civil engineering in the USA and studying architecture share many aspects, but each deals with different aspects of building design. The primary focus of civil engineering programs is on the building's infrastructure and the physical forces that must be considered in its design, construction, and maintenance. While architecture also includes the study of such engineering concepts, it focuses more on visual concepts like space, form, scale, and exposure to a range of architectural styles and designs. The two fields often collaborate and can lead to similar professions. Information about civil engineering education can also be found on this site.

Studying Construction Engineering: Degrees in this field can be based on architecture, engineering, or separate university units in construction. Studying in this field often includes project management, business and finance, site design, design, construction methods/materials, labor relations, value analysis, cost estimation, planning, contract management, accounting, building standards, inspection procedures, engineering and architectural sciences, mathematics, statistics, and information technology. The "Association of Construction and Construction Education" approves undergraduate programs in this field.

Studying Environmental Design in the USA: An interdisciplinary field of study that may include disciplines such as architecture, interior design, product design, landscape design, graphic design, film, theater, and computer graphics.

Studying Facilities Management in the USA: Facilities management, a combination of elements such as business management, architecture, engineering, and behavioral sciences, involves the day-to-day operations of physical building construction, defect rectification, identification of potential issues, and planning for changes. The goals of this field include space management, cost control, and enhancing workplace productivity. Some programs focus specifically on facilities design, while related fields include construction management and real estate management/development. The International Facility Management Association can provide listings of university programs, professional certifications, and other resources.

Studying Historic Preservation in the USA: Specialists in historic preservation utilize a wide range of techniques and strategies to promote the revitalization and reuse of historical buildings and sites. Training in this field may be offered through architecture, art, history, architectural history, or independent historic preservation groups.

Studying Interior Design in the USA: The focus of this field is the construction of elements and components within a space (from furnishing and furnishing a building to the placement of windows and walls) in a way that is most useful and practical for users. Over 100 programs in the United States and Canada are accredited by the Interior Design Society.

Studying Landscape Architecture in the USA: Designing outdoor environments. Programs related to this field are offered in architecture, agriculture, environmental sciences, or forestry schools. Academic areas include landscape design, ecological landscape, soil and plant sciences, geology, urban and regional planning, and environmental sciences. Professional certification is granted by the American Society of Landscape Architects.

Studying Planning in the USA: This field, also known as urban and regional planning, city design, etc., involves studying architecture, economics, development, general policies, land use, and social development. Planning specialists can be employed in architectural and engineering firms, government agencies, or sometimes in independent consulting firms. Specialists in this field have a wide range of responsibilities, from evaluating environmental impacts to analyzing zoning codes. The Planning Accreditation Board approves the first professional degree programs in this field.

Studying Real Estate and Property Management in the USA: Sales, management, and analysis of land and real estate. There is a wide range of programs available, but most graduate programs heavily emphasize real estate market features. Real estate development specialists have skills and responsibilities similar to construction project managers, and many development professionals have backgrounds in the field.

Studying Sustainable Design in the USA: From implementing principles of sustainable development—successful economic growth that includes consideration of the needs of future generations and the poor as well as awareness of environmental limitations—to creating consumer goods, buildings, communities, and other human-made products. The University Leaders for a Sustainable Future website provides a list of graduate programs with a focus on sustainability.

Studying Medicine and Health Professions

Completing Medical Education in the United States of America

In the USA, residency is the final stage in preparing physicians for independent medical practice. It can also be an excellent opportunity for foreign physicians to gain experiences in the United States.

In the USA, before beginning residency, American students must first complete their undergraduate education, then spend four additional years in medical school and ultimately obtain their Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree. Unfortunately, due to relatively limited acceptance and fierce competition, foreign students have little chance of being accepted into M.D. programs. These programs only accept applicants from residents or specific areas of the United States, and even those programs that also admit foreign applicants typically only accept a small number of foreign applicants who have obtained their undergraduate degrees in the United States. Nonetheless, many international medical graduates (IMGs) can complete their residency in the United States.

Residency programs in the USA are designed to provide participants with the opportunity to gain experiences in a specific medical specialty and gradually take on increasing responsibilities for patient care. Programs generally last three to seven years depending on the medical specialty. Advanced medical technology and facilities, specialized faculty, and a wide variety of programs (over 8,100 programs in 120 specialties and subspecialties currently approved) can make residency in the United States an exciting opportunity.

It should be noted that the path to residency in the United States is not particularly easy, and available opportunities are usually highly competitive. Before starting the process, evaluate your medical knowledge, English language skills, academic background, ability to travel to the United States for exams and interviews, and the suitability of your educational plans to the needs of your home country in a realistic manner (the Department of Health and Human Services is expected to support your final visa application). If after considering all of these factors you determine that you are ready to join the thousands of IMGs who participate in United States residency programs each year, the information provided below may be helpful to you.

Steps for Participating in Residency Programs in the United States

The first essential step in the United States is to obtain permission from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG). Examinations may commence while you are still in medical school, although it is necessary to have received your final medical degree and academic transcripts before obtaining practical permission. The ECFMG requirements are as follows:

1. Spend a minimum of two years at one of the medical schools listed in the International Medical Education Directory.
2. Apply for an identification number from ECFMG by completing the application provided on their website. Upon your eligibility confirmation, obtain a scheduling permit from ECFMG for a three-month period during which you can schedule your first USMLE exam.
3. Pass USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (Step 2 CK). These computer-based exams are held at selected Thomson Prometric testing centers worldwide.
4. Take the USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills (Step 2 CS) exam in various cities across the United States, currently including Philadelphia, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston, administered by ECFMG.

In the United States, you must pass all three above-mentioned exams within seven years to be eligible for an ECFMG license. There is no specific order required for taking the exams. Candidates who fail Step 1 or Step 2 CK exams can retake them immediately. The maximum allowable retesting for these exams is four times a year. As for the Step 2 CS exam, you must request eligibility for a new testing period, with a maximum of three retests per year.

No other English proficiency exams are required.

After completing the ECFMG process, an International Medical Graduate (IMG) can begin researching residency options and apply for them. Before starting the residency program, the IMG must obtain permission from ECFMG.

In the United States, refer to the Graduate Medical Education Directory published by the American Medical Association (AMA) or FREIDA Online database for selecting suitable programs.

Communicate directly with the program-executing universities in the United States, and if possible, visit them. Telephone or in-person interviews are usually crucial parameters for acceptance.

Apply directly for programs through request letters or the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), as determined by the program. To apply via ERAS, IMGs must obtain an identification number from ECFMG.

Also, apply for matching programs through the National Resident Matching Program or specialty matching programs.

Finally, apply for a visa. Before an IMG can obtain a visa for residency education, they must have an ECFMG license and be accepted into a residency program.

After receiving the application permit, apply for a visa by visiting one of the US embassies or consulates.

Links for accessing more information about studying medicine in the United States:

- Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG): Responsible for verifying medical education for all graduates outside the United States.
- American Medical Association (AMA), Foreign Medical Graduates Section: Information regarding medical education for foreign medical graduates.
- FREIDA Online: A database comprising over 8,200 medical residency programs for easy comparison.
- American Board of Pathology: Information on pathology education and approved programs.
- American Academy of Family Physicians: Information about the profession, education, and approved professional programs.
- American Association of Colleges of Medicine, Medical Education Liaison Committee: All medical colleges awarding M.D. degrees.
- Neurological Associations and Programs: Information on neurological medicine programs.
- FAIMER: A foundation associated with ECFMG providing education for foreign medical education practitioners.
- International Medical Education Directory (IMED): Medical schools worldwide recognized by ECFMG for licensing purposes. Medical students must first visit the ECFMG website to obtain a brief license to take the USMLE exams.
- MCAT: Essential for M.D. programs but not for medical residency programs.
- National Board of Medical Examiners: Developer of USMLE exams, offering practice exams collected from past USMLE questions.
- National Residency Matching Program: Matches residency program applicants with residency programs. The system is used by most residency programs—direct application for specific programs is still required.
- Residencysite.com: Review programs based on residencies, information on useful books, lists of hospitals specializing in foreign medical graduates, and more.
- USMLE: Initial stages of the US medical licensing exam required for entry into US medical residency programs. All physicians and medical students with non-US credentials must pass USMLE exams through ECFMG.

Education in America in the field of psychology

Psychology following business is one of the major interests at the undergraduate level in the United States of America. If you are interested in this field, pursue your high school education appropriately, including courses in English and other languages, mathematics, sciences, and social sciences. Improve your computer skills, and if your school offers courses related to statistics or psychology, choose them in advance. Volunteering in the community can also be beneficial for acquiring the "soft skills" necessary for success in the profession.

At the undergraduate level, psychology as a liberal arts program provides opportunities to explore many fields. Admission requirements for undergraduate studies in psychology are similar to other major fields. By completing four-year courses, you can obtain a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree. Two-year courses are available at the associate level in this field.

A bachelor's degree in psychology provides students with a basic introductory understanding of psychological principles and the opportunity to participate in advanced classes in one or more related fields, as well as some experience in conducting research. Those intending to continue their studies in psychology at the graduate level should participate in university research, an independent study course, or a practical research course to strengthen their application letter.

Graduate Studies in Psychology in America

Approximately 25% of individuals who complete undergraduate studies continue their education in graduate studies. The major of the undergraduate program provides a foundation for careers in fields such as marketing, personnel or human resources, management, advertising and sales, politics, social services, and many others. However, for becoming a psychologist, graduate studies are also essential.

Applicants for psychology programs in graduate studies typically face tough competition, especially at the doctoral level, in clinical fields, and among programs approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) professionally. Only 10% of applicants to doctoral programs in clinical psychology approved by the APA are accepted.

APA approves about 850 doctoral programs in school, counseling, and clinical psychology (plus programs covering these fields) out of approximately 1900 psychology programs in America. This type of approval indicates quality and may be necessary for licensure in some areas, but note that APA does not accredit undergraduate, master's, or some specialized fields outside of school, counseling, and clinical psychology.

Some master's degrees are terminal and focus on developing professional skills in areas such as industrial/organizational psychology. Others are designed as stepping stones to doctoral studies. Students can also directly apply from the bachelor's level to some doctoral programs.

Typically, completing a master's degree in psychology takes two years. Students deepen their knowledge in this field and can specialize in related fields. Commonly required courses include those related to the field, statistics, and industrial/organizational research design. Master's level studies usually include training in ethics, assessment, program evaluation, and personality topics. Programs often require practical experience in an applied setting and the presentation of a thesis.

In most states of America, obtaining a master's degree alone is not sufficient for employment as a licensed psychologist. Individuals trained at the master's level can obtain a license as "counselors" (a similar profession) and work under the supervision of a licensed psychologist or engage in many psychology-related professions. However, many other professions require a doctoral degree.

At the doctoral level, students can prepare for teaching at the college or university level, conduct independent research, or establish their own counseling practice. Most doctoral students earn a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), which includes coursework, passing qualifying exams, and presenting a dissertation based on original research.

Students interested in clinical psychology or counseling can pursue a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) instead of a Ph.D. Both Psy.D. and D emphasize more on employment, with less emphasis on research compared to regular Ph.D. programs. Psychologists with these degrees usually work clinically or privately. Some programs focusing on psychology in educational settings (student counseling, test preparation, etc.) may grant Ed.D. degrees.

In America, for admission to graduate-level psychology programs, some universities require a major in psychology. Others only require completion of basic psychology courses along with courses in biological, physical, and social sciences, and statistics and mathematics.

Commonly reviewed application components include general GRE scores, TOEFL scores (for international students), research and work experience, relevant extracurricular activities/public services, recommendations, interviews, and/or a statement of purpose. Some programs may have additional/alternative requirements, such as the GRE Subject Test in Psychology or the Miller Analogies Test. According to the APA, recommendations, a statement of purpose, and research experience are among the most important acceptance criteria for doctoral programs in America.

Regardless of the degree earned, clinical or counseling psychologists in the United States typically must complete at least one year of internship before becoming licensed to practice psychology. Internships at the post-doctoral level are also approved by the APA.

Counseling in America

In the United States of America, counselors assist their clients with personal, family, educational, mental health, and career-related issues and decisions through counseling, assessment, therapeutic methods, educational interventions, and research. Counselors work in elementary schools, high schools, and higher education institutions, healthcare facilities, counseling agencies, and in private practice.

In America, to be licensed as a counselor, one must complete the relevant formal education. University degrees in counseling or psychology are offered at the master's and doctoral levels. While counseling education programs are not typically offered at the undergraduate level, students interested in counseling can choose basic psychology courses for experience through optional internships or practicum.

Graduate Education in America

At the master's level, students can specialize in areas such as elementary and high school counseling, college student affairs, education counseling, marriage and family counseling, substance abuse counseling, rehabilitation counseling (which involves working with individuals with disabilities), career counseling, and related fields.

Generally, a master's program consists of forty-eight to sixty credit hours of coursework in eight main areas: human growth and development, social and cultural diversity, helping relationships, group work, career development, assessment, research and program evaluation, and professional identity. Students must also complete 600 supervised clinical hours in counseling.

The Specialist in Education (Ed.S.) credential provides supplementary education at the post-master's level through individual, group, and family counseling. These programs are usually offered through educational departments.

A Ph.D. in Counseling prepares students for advanced clinical leadership roles, mental health administration, research counseling, and supervision.

The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP), accredits institutions offering counseling education programs at the master's, Ed.S., and doctoral levels. Programs with accreditation can be found on the CACREP website at http://www.cacrep.org/directory.html.

Rehabilitation counseling programs accredited by the Council on Rehabilitation Education (CORE), which prepare counselors to assist individuals with disabilities, can be found on the CORE website at http://www.core-rehab.org. Additionally, CORE recognizes bachelor's programs in rehabilitation and disability studies.

Sports and Sports Medicine Professions in America

Medicine in America

A physician interested in specializing in sports medicine can complete a residency program in any field. The most common option is orthopedics, which involves treating injuries to bones, joints, and ligaments, conditions to which athletes are often susceptible. Another suitable specialization is physical therapy and rehabilitation—a physical therapist aims to treat injured physical function, usually without surgery, using methods such as orthopedics, medication prescription, massage, biofeedback, and therapeutic stretching. Whichever specialization is chosen, the physician will likely complete their residency program at a sports medicine center. Training should include studying sports-related stresses, related injuries, alternative forms of exercise during injury treatment, methods of minimally impacting injury treatment on athletic performance, and ways to improve the performance of healthy athletes. For more information on applying for residency programs in the United States, refer to the "EducationUSAIran" series on medicine.

Sports Education in America

Today, sports coaches, contrary to their name, generally do not engage in coaching athletes. Instead, they collaborate with physicians, head coaches, and other team personnel to care for team members, prevent injuries, and enhance their athletic performance. Coaches typically equip athletes with appropriate sportswear, knee pads, and other protective gear before games, provide initial care for athlete injuries and injuries, and collaborate on treatment plans. They may also be involved in coaching-related activities and program development. Sports coaches hold a bachelor's degree in fields such as sports education, physical education, sports science, or health and wellness, and may sometimes hold a master's degree. They must take courses such as human anatomy, human physiology, biomechanics, exercise physiology, sports education, nutrition, and psychology or counseling.

In the United States, sports coaches are generally certified by the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA, www.nata.org). Several other organizations also offer professional certifications.

Additional Options

Sports nutrition specialists examine nutrient absorption and consumption during physical activity. They assist athletes and other sports and health personnel in finding the best nutritional balance for optimal physical performance. A bachelor's degree in nutrition or dietetics is the minimum requirement for this field, and those intending to become counselors usually obtain at least a master's degree and then pursue additional coursework or work experiences in sports science, physical education, and related fields.

Sports psychologists study mental performance in sports situations. For example, they may examine repeated sports failures, sports violence, or the effects of additional training. Sports psychologists generally work in teaching positions at universities or engage in research; they may also consult on the performance of sports teams and athletes. Typically, a doctoral degree is required for careers related to sports psychology. Education may be in sports science along with further studies in psychology, or it may involve obtaining an advanced degree in psychology along with additional teaching activities in sports science.

Some of the available options for those interested in sports medicine professions include (but are not limited to):

Sports physiologist. Researches the functional changes that occur during exercise in the body.

Sports biomechanics specialist. Examines the physical laws used in stretching and exercise, for example, analyzing human motion or the effects of using new sports equipment.

Sports movement therapy or corrective therapy specialist. Uses exercise to treat people with diseases or injuries. Academic eligibility requires a bachelor's degree in movement therapy, physical education, exercise physiology, or a related field.

Sports physiotherapy specialist. Uses exercise and other physical methods (heat, electricity, etc.) to treat sports injuries. Designs programs to improve physical fitness and sports performance. Requires obtaining at least a master's or doctoral degree in physiotherapy. For more information on physiotherapy education options, visit the American Physiotherapy Association website (www.apta.org).

Foundational Dental Education in America

In the United States, students generally enter dental school after completing two years of undergraduate study. Many complete a four-year bachelor's degree program. They can choose any major field but are required to complete courses in English, biology, organic and inorganic chemistry, and physics. A limited number of universities offer combined programs, allowing students to earn both a bachelor's degree and an initial dental degree after seven years of study.

Foundational dental education programs typically involve a minimum of four years of university training and lead to one of two degrees: Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.). The curriculum varies from university to university. Generally, the first and second years focus on biomedical sciences courses. Dental science instruction, along with patient care under the supervision of the school, begins in the second year and continues as a major part of the curriculum in the third and fourth years.

Admission to programs offering the initial professional degree is highly competitive, with almost double the number of applicants as available program slots. Admission of students with international qualifications and who have not completed two years of undergraduate study in the US is less common. Private dental schools generally accept more international students compared to public universities and may give preference to residents of the state in which they are located.

The entrance exam for the initial professional degree programs in dental programs in the US is the Dental Admission Test (DAT), administered by the American Dental Association (ADA). The DAT is usually administered in the United States. However, if an American embassy or consulate submits a request for a student to the ADA for the DAT, at least three months before the exam date, it can also be administered internationally (although this is currently not available in Iran). The DAT assesses proficiency in mathematics, reading comprehension, organic and inorganic chemistry, and perceptual ability.

Admission requirements by other dental schools include English language proficiency exams like the TOEFL for international students, strong undergraduate performance, letters of recommendation, and an interview. Most dental schools in the US participate in the American Association of Dental Schools Application Service (AADSAS), provided by the American Dental Education Association. Applications related to AADSAS must be submitted online for consideration by January 1st at the latest.

Advanced Dental Education in the United States

For individuals who have completed a professional dental degree program, pursuing advanced education through master's or postgraduate programs provides long-term educational opportunities. Postgraduate programs are typically university-affiliated and upon successful completion, students are awarded degrees such as Master of Dental Hygiene (M.D.H.), Master of Dental Science (M.D.S.), or Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in various dental disciplines. Master's programs are designed to prepare students for academic or research-oriented careers.

Postgraduate programs may be hospital-based or university-based and usually culminate in a certificate rather than a university degree, although some offer degree-granting programs. Postgraduate programs place greater emphasis on clinical experiences compared to master's programs.

Some hospital-based postgraduate programs require licensure or dental licensure in the United States, while university-affiliated programs are more likely to accept dentists with foreign credentials who lack U.S. licensure. University-affiliated programs typically involve hospital-based internships in affiliated institutions.

Admission requirements for advanced dental programs vary from one institution to another. Applicants with foreign credentials must demonstrate proficiency in English and a strong undergraduate record comparable to that in the United States. The National Board Dental Examination (NBDE) Part I is commonly required, assessing topics such as anatomical sciences, biochemistry-physiology, microbiology, dental anatomy and occlusion, and paired questions. Currently, the NBDE is administered only through Prometric centers in North America.

Over 550 programs in postgraduate dental education are centralized in the American Dental Education Association's (ADEA) Postdoctoral Application Support Service (PASS). ADEA PASS allows applicants to submit a single application to multiple desired institutions. Applicants are also required to directly contact each institution, submit application forms, and fulfill other requirements such as program interviews.

Postgraduate residency programs may include general practice residencies or emphasize specific dental specialties. General practice residencies in advanced education programs have many applicants in the United States, while fewer dentists with foreign training are accepted. While entry into some specialties like oral surgery is challenging for foreign-trained dentists, residencies in most specialties are less competitive than general practice residencies. Recognized dental specialties in the United States include general dentistry for the public, endodontics, oral pathology and oral medicine, oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial radiology, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry (also known as pedodontics), periodontics, and prosthodontics. Additionally, recognized non-specialty areas also have educational opportunities for dentists, especially in postgraduate programs granting university degrees. Some of these areas include bone biology, anesthesia, biochemistry, dental materials, immunology, implantology, microbiology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral biology, oral medicine, pharmacology, and physiology.

Advanced dental education programs at the master's and postgraduate levels generally commence registration in July or September. Applicants are usually selected by January at the latest, and dentists with foreign training are advised to initiate the application process at least one year before their desired registration date.

Advanced education programs in dental specialties typically require a minimum of two years of training. Oral pathology programs must be a minimum of three years, while oral and maxillofacial surgery programs require a minimum of four years. General practice residency programs only require one year, although, as mentioned earlier, only a limited number of dentists with foreign training are accepted into such programs.

Short-term Educational Programs in the USA

Dentists seeking short-term advanced educational opportunities may engage in continuing education courses, as well as (if highly qualified) consider academic or research positions in American dental schools. Continuing education courses are designed to provide information on advancements in dental and medical sciences and generally last less than a week (many are just one-day events). Information on such courses is published by the ADA.

For information on academic or research positions available in dental schools, individuals should directly contact each dental school. Minimum requirements for such positions typically include a dental degree, excellent academic credentials, and research experience.

Advanced Dental Education in the United States of America

General Dentistry: In the United States of America, individuals can practice dentistry by holding a professional degree such as D.D.S. or D.M.D. In addition to providing preventive care, dentists can repair damaged or missing teeth and treat oral diseases. Advanced residency programs in general dentistry, which typically last between twelve to twenty-four months, are also available and introduce dentists to various fields of work. These programs are highly competitive, and entry into them is challenging for dentists with international qualifications.

Endodontics in America: Endodontists diagnose and treat diseases and injuries to the internal structure of teeth. Residency programs in this specialty usually last between twenty-four and thirty-six months.

Public Health Dentistry in America: Public health dentists work towards improving dental health through organized efforts to educate and inform the public.

Oral and Dental Pathology in America: Oral and dental pathologists diagnose oral diseases using laboratory methods including clinical tests, microscopy, radiography, and biopsy. Residency programs typically last thirty-six months.

Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology in America: Oral and maxillofacial radiologists use imaging and related technologies in the diagnosis and management of diseases affecting the mouth, jaw, and related areas. These programs usually last between twenty-four and thirty-six months.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in America: Oral and maxillofacial surgeons extract teeth and repair oral defects through surgical procedures. These programs last four to six years and all of them are residency programs; some confer a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree.

Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics in America: Orthodontists prescribe and place braces to correct dental irregularities and align jaws. Most residency programs last between twenty-four and thirty-six months.

Pediatric Dentistry in America: Pediatric dentists provide dental care for children, adolescents, and individuals with special dental needs. Most residency programs last between twenty-four and thirty-six months.

Periodontics for Gum Diseases and Surrounding Tissues in America: Periodontists treat gum diseases and tissues surrounding teeth, such as treating gum disease and oral mucosa. Most residency programs last thirty-six months.

Prosthodontics in Dentistry (Prosthodontics) in America: Prosthodontists replace missing teeth, design and place dental bridges and artificial teeth, and perform dental implant surgery. Most residency programs last between twelve and thirty-six months.

Licensing and Advanced D.M.D./D.D.S. Acceptance. Acceptance of dentists with international qualifications.

Dentists who have graduated from international institutions and wish to practice dentistry in the United States of America, or qualify for admission to advanced educational programs that require licensure, must submit an application for acceptance to a basic dental program in America. Dentists must complete D.D.S./D.M.D. or its equivalent diploma at a dental school accredited by the American Dental Association (ADA) before they are eligible to apply for admission to certain university programs at the undergraduate or graduate level, or to obtain a license in any jurisdiction in America.

Currently, the ADA only accredits programs in the United States and Canada; programs completed elsewhere will not be accepted as equivalent.

For dentists who have studied abroad and wish to complete their first American university degree, almost half of dental schools offer admission to advanced levels. Admission is granted for the second or third year of a basic dental education program. The application process is similar to that for graduate and postgraduate studies and generally requires submission of documents related to previous education, successful completion of Part I of the National Board Dental Examinations (NBDE), and a high score on the TOEFL exam.

Entrance to such programs is possible in July or September. Applicants must initiate the acceptance process at least one year before the desired entry date and submit online applications by January 1st. Admission requirements vary from one university to another but typically include proficiency in English, a good level of dental knowledge similar to that practiced in America, and successful completion of Part I of the National Board Dental Examinations (NBDE). International applicants must have their studies evaluated by an accrediting institution to determine eligibility to pass the NBDE.

Each state in America has its own process for issuing licenses. In addition to educational requirements, all states require applicants to pass both parts of the National Board Dental Examinations. Part I exams, generally required for advanced dental education, cover biomedical sciences and dental anatomy. Part II covers topics related to clinical dentistry, pharmacology, behavioral sciences, general dental health, and occupational safety. Some states may require completion of supplementary written exams for dentists with international qualifications.

Furthermore, all states require passing a clinical exam in which the applicant performs dental procedures on a patient. Some states require a preclinical condition for dentists with international qualifications, in which applicants must demonstrate dental procedures on mannequins before they are eligible to take the clinical exam. To find the licensing authorities in each state and obtain more information about their requirements, visit the ADA website's licensing section.

Pharmacy:

Admission to Pharmacy Graduate Programs in the United States

Students who have earned a degree from a pharmacy school or college with accreditation, or its equivalent abroad, may be eligible to apply for admission to Master of Science (M.S.) or Doctoral (Ph.D.) programs. Students with undergraduate degrees in relevant fields to pharmacy (such as chemistry or biology) may also apply to programs, although some universities may only accept students with professional pharmacy degrees.

According to recent statistics from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, international students comprise about 28% of those who have earned a Master of Science (M.S.) degree in pharmaceutical sciences, and 42% of those pursuing a doctoral degree.

Master of Science (M.S.) and Doctoral (Ph.D.) degrees do not qualify students to take the licensure exam in the United States – only graduates with a Pharm.D. degree can sit for such exams. Master of Science (M.S.) and Doctoral (Ph.D.) programs are typically designed for those interested in research, teaching, or specialized practice. Foreign pharmacists intending to pursue clinical practice may also need to consider obtaining a Pharm.D. degree (a program that may be especially suitable for individuals with a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in pharmacy).

Pharmacy Education: Fields of Study in America

Pharmacy education programs in the United States for obtaining the initial professional degree (Pharm.D.) typically include six main components:

Pharmaceutical Chemistry deals with the combination and properties of substances used in drug manufacturing. Students discover the application, nature, preparation, and preservation of chemical substances, and learn how to test the purity and potency of drugs.

Pharmacognosy studies drugs derived from plants and animals.

Pharmacology deals with the action of drugs on the body. Students examine the effects of doses and different methods of drug administration. Toxicology, a branch of pharmacology, investigates the effects and methods of overcoming poisons.

Clinical Pharmacy focuses on patient care through drug therapy. It helps students gain better understanding of general diagnostic and treatment methods, enhance their sense of responsibility towards patients, and improve their communication skills.

Pharmacy Administration emphasizes business management and is useful for students aiming for managerial positions in pharmacies, hospitals, or other institutions. Training usually includes courses in economics, accounting, management, computer applications, marketing, supply chain, and legal aspects of the pharmacy profession.

Practical job opportunities in pharmacies are offered by pharmacy schools to prepare students for professional careers by applying the skills learned in class.

The Pharm.D. curriculum may also include advanced complementary courses in areas such as therapeutics, pathophysiology, biostatistics, and drug effects and interactions.

At the Master of Science (M.S.) and Doctoral (Ph.D.) levels, specialized fields in pharmacy may include pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy particularly herbal and simple drugs, pharmacology, toxicology, or pharmacy management, along with other less common areas. Universities may also offer opportunities for complementary studies in certain fields for those who have completed advanced degrees in pharmacy.

Pharmacy Residency Programs in America

According to the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), a pharmacy residency is "an organized, directed, postgraduate training program in a defined area of pharmacy practice." Residencies allow students to directly apply the skills acquired in a professional setting. They may be particularly appealing to pharmacy graduates whose career goals involve working in hospitals or joining clinical faculties in universities or pharmacy colleges.

ASHP is the accrediting body for pharmacy residencies, and most residencies are ASHP-accredited (though there may be exceptions in some settings like home health care or community pharmacies). Foreign pharmacists considering non-ASHP-accredited residencies should look for special credentials or other quality indicators to ensure that the residency aligns with their needs.

There are two main types of pharmacy residencies: pharmacy practice residencies and specialized residencies. Pharmacy practice residencies are designed to provide skills and knowledge in a broad range of pharmacy services, including critical care patient management, ambulatory patient care, drug information, drug use policy development, and operational management.

Most pharmacy residencies are not affiliated with pharmacy schools but are managed by hospitals and healthcare centers in the United States. However, some residencies, called "associated residencies," are conducted in conjunction with a Pharm.D. program or a Master of Science (M.S.) program. These residencies typically last a year or more than associated residencies as students pursue residency part-time while completing their degree requirements. The minimum required time to complete a residency is 2000 hours over a minimum of 50 weeks.

To obtain a residency in pharmacy, American pharmacists typically enter the Residency Matching Program (RMP), guaranteed by ASHP for matching applicants and programs. In addition to participating in the RMP, pharmacists must also directly apply to individual residency programs.

Graduates from foreign pharmacy schools can only enter the RMP after passing the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Examination Committee (FPGEC) exam. To obtain the FPGEC certificate, students must pass the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Examination (FPGEE) and achieve a minimum score of 550 on the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). To qualify for the FPGEE, students must hold a degree from a pharmacy school offering at least a four-year course or its equivalent and be licensed or registered for pharmacy practice in the country where the degree was earned.

The FPGEE is a one-day examination covering pre-clinical sciences (physical sciences, biological sciences, and mathematics); pharmacy sciences; biomedical sciences; social or behavioral sciences; and pharmacy practice management. The exam is offered only once a year near Chicago, Illinois.

Some pharmacy residencies require that the respective resident hold a license from the United States. Others may only accept graduates with a Pharm.D. degree from American Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)-accredited universities – that is, universities in the United States – into residency programs. Conversely, sometimes ASHP-accredited pharmacy programs allow foreign graduate students to apply directly to residencies without participating in the RMP. Graduates of foreign pharmacy schools must check with each residency program to determine eligibility.

Specialized Pharmacy Residency Programs in the United States

Pharmacists are generally expected to complete a pharmacy residency before applying for specialized residencies. However, some programs may accept substituting specialized experience for a pharmacy residency.

ASHP-accredited specialized residency programs include programs in administration, adult internal medicine, clinical pharmacokinetics, critical care, drug information, geriatrics, nuclear pharmacy, nutrition support, pediatrics, primary care, and psychiatric pharmacy. Compared to pharmacy residencies, there are fewer specialized residency programs, and many of them are university-affiliated specialized programs.

Specialized residency programs do not participate in the RMP. Individuals interested in such opportunities must contact their desired programs directly to obtain information about program offerings and requirements.

Requirements for Pharmacy Licensure in the United States
Licensure requirements for pharmacy practice, which are required for some (but not all) residency programs, vary from state to state. Foreign graduates in pharmacy who wish to obtain an American license must contact the pharmacy boards in their respective states and inquire about their prerequisites, particularly because in some states, American citizenship or permanent residency is required.

To obtain a license, students are expected to graduate from a university accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Since 2009, the only similar university located outside of North America was the School of Pharmacy at the American University of Beirut.

However, states typically allow graduates to qualify for licensure through obtaining the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Examination Committee (FPGEC) certification (for more information on FPGEC, refer to the relevant article in this section, "Pharmacy Residencies"). It should be emphasized that the FPGEC certificate is not a pharmacy license. Its function is limited to processing the applicant's eligibility for licensure application in most states and is also mandatory for some educational programs with clinical emphasis.

Each state may have additional examinations or supplementary requirements for licensure. Pharmacists should contact the pharmacy boards in the state they wish to practice for recent details.

Studying Business, Law, and Government Services in the United States

Business Studies in the United States

More than 3,000 colleges and universities in the United States offer four-year undergraduate programs in business at the bachelor's level, and over 1,000 programs are available at the master's and doctoral levels. Approximately 500 programs at each of these levels in the respective field have been accredited by AACSB International (the most reputable specialized group that evaluates the quality of business education programs at the higher education level).

Additionally, there are two-year associate degree programs and a variety of certificate programs and training opportunities without a bachelor's degree. Specialized programs exist for English language learners at the pre-Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) level and for professionals in business studies.

Educational programs in the United States

The core courses for business management programs typically include accounting, business statistics, marketing, finance, management information systems (computer technology in management), management and decision making sciences, human resource management, operations management, organizational behavior and development, supply chain management (including transportation and procurement), and business environment or ethics (including economic systems, legal and ethical issues, international and multicultural affairs).

The current trend in education is towards interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches. Internships and other "real-world" experiences, along with research and group business projects, generally hold special importance in programs.

Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.) and Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) programs usually cover all the core areas of study and also allow for specialization in a particular field. Most schools also offer more specialized programs that focus more on a key subject or other areas like entrepreneurship, as well as postgraduate degrees in international business or engineering management. These programs usually lead to either a bachelor's degree in business administration (M.B.A./B.B.A.) or a master's degree (M.S.)/(B.S.).

Master's programs (M.S.) are generally more research-oriented than M.B.A. programs, and in some cases lead to doctoral studies. Executive or online programs in management or doctoral degrees in business administration (D.B.A.) or philosophy (Ph.D.) are also available. The D.B.A. usually offers a broader overview of management compared to the Ph.D., which focuses more on research in a specific area of management. However, the differences between these two degrees are not always clear-cut and vary across different educational institutions. Ph.D. programs are generally more common.

A doctoral degree prepares individuals for a teaching or research position. Graduates usually pursue academic careers in colleges and universities, while some work in specialized government and industrial positions.

Graduate Studies in the United States

While the necessary requirements for entry into business programs at the undergraduate level are similar to other programs, there are some differences for graduate-level studies. For admission to a graduate business program, even at the doctoral level, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in business. All undergraduate majors are accepted, and some business schools prefer applicants to have completed their undergraduate studies in fields other than business.

The GMAT is generally the required entrance exam for graduate programs, although some programs also accept the GRE. Applicants are usually required to write a "statement of purpose" about their career goals and sometimes additional essays, along with submitting recommendation letters by professors or employers.

Work experience is highly valued for admission. Many programs expect a minimum of two years of full-time work experience. However, direct entry to the program for undergraduate students is possible. Some business programs usually enroll students who have less work experience.

When applying for admission to an M.B.A. program, regardless of the university or institution, there are some common elements in the application process that are required. These include:

1. General information form
2. Recommendation letters
3. Work experience resume
4. Statement of purpose essays
5. Analytical writing sample
6. Transcript evaluations
7. Test scores (GMAT, GRE)
8. Proof of financial resources
9. Application processing fee

Advice for M.B.A. Applicants

Plan ahead. Most M.B.A. programs only enroll students for the fall semester, which starts in August or September. Depending on the university you want to attend, the application deadline can be up to a year before the program starts. Make sure to take the required exams, such as the TOEFL and GMAT, before the application deadline.

Check the application deadline carefully. In some universities, the final deadline for registering international applicants is earlier than the the final deadline for domestic applicants. Some M.B.A. programs offer multiple application deadlines, meaning they have two or three different deadlines for applicants. In these cases, applying late will lead to even fiercer competition. So apply sooner rather than later.

Apply to more than one university. Since M.B.A. programs are often selective, it is advisable to apply to multiple programs. Keep in mind that some programs have rolling admissions, meaning they accept a larger number of qualified applicants than their capacity, so you cannot be sure that your first choice will accept you.

Consider typing your application. Typed applications are more professional and make it easier for the admissions committee to review them. Make sure to carefully proofread your application and have another person read it for accuracy. Attention to detail and strong communication skills are very important in the business world – show the M.B.A. admissions committee that you have already begun to prepare yourself.

Make sure to clearly state your entrepreneurial activities and extracurricular business activities. These activities, even if they are not full-time work experiences, showcase your creativity, initiative, and managerial skills – qualities that the admissions committees look for in prospective students.

Apply online or send everything via courier or mail. Regular mail is definitely cheaper but also slower and less reliable. It is essential that your application reaches its destination promptly.

After completing and submitting the applications, the waiting period begins. Some universities will notify you of receipt of your application and request any missing documents. Eventually, in spring or early summer, the university's decision regarding your admission will be announced.

Education in Accounting in the United States

Thousands of reputable universities in the United States offer undergraduate and graduate programs in accounting. Almost 170 of them have specialized accreditation in accounting from the AACSB International, a leading professional organization in the accreditation of business programs that issue university degrees. This accreditation is optional, and business schools may choose to evaluate their programs under the standard AACSB business accreditation (held by more than 550 universities) or under more stringent accounting accreditation standards than those recommended by AACSB.

Additionally, two-year programs at the associate's level and a series of executive programs, professional certificates, and other non-university continuing education opportunities related to accounting are available. For students of English, specialized programs are available for pre-bachelor's degree and for professionals in business.

Applying to an accounting program at the undergraduate and graduate levels

If you are considering a university program, you should start the process as soon as possible. High school courses in mathematics, computer applications (if available), and business areas can be valuable for career preparation, but for a foundation in preparation for study in the U.S., take classes in English and other languages, history, biology, chemistry, and physics. Ideally, begin the admissions process for a university at least a year or more before the date you plan to start classes. To find a program that suits you and to have the best chance of admission and financial aid, time is needed.

For undergraduate programs, admission requirements are similar to major in any other field. First and foremost, you must be proficient in English (usually by passing the TOEFL exam). If your English proficiency is not very good, but you meet other admission requirements, some universities offer conditional admission – this means that you will start an English program and then proceed to university studies immediately after successfully completing the English program or by obtaining acceptable TOEFL scores.

Universities generally want to see the original high school transcript, or if the original is not available, a certified official copy. You will be required to fill out an application form and pay the application processing fee. Most of the time, SAT reasoning and/or two or three subject SAT tests will be required for undergraduate applicants, although some universities for foreign students and some in general do not wholly require it. More selection-oriented universities usually require additional items such as a teacher recommendation, information about extracurricular activities, and a statement of purpose for explaining goals or other essays as references from your professors and or employers.

In the graduate programs, the GMAT is usually the required exam for entry, although some programs also accept the GRE. Applicants are usually required to write a "statement of purpose" about their career goals and sometimes additional essays, along with submitting recommendation letters by professors or employers.

Work experience is highly valued for admission. Many programs expect a minimum of two years of full-time work experience. However, direct entry to the program for undergraduate students is possible. Some accounting programs engage only students with less work experience.

Professional Certification

Obtaining professional certification is generally important in this field. For working in general accounting, for providing individual consulting to clients regarding a wide range of accounting matters, most states in the USA require qualification as a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) or its equivalent. The requirements for obtaining CPA certification are determined by state boards of accountancy and vary from state to state, but generally include passing the Uniform CPA Examination, administered by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), university education equivalent to at least a major in accounting at the undergraduate level, and a minimum of two years of work experience as an accountant.

Additionally, certification and accreditation are available for other areas of accounting as well. For example, among many options, one can become a Certified Management Accountant (CMA), a Certified Internal Auditor (CIA), or a Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA). Like the CPA certification, most accreditations are granted through a combination of educational requirements, experience, and passing an exam.

To maintain professional certifications and state licenses, accountants must complete continuing education to keep current in the field. To this end, many certifiers offer such programs, but they are usually very short-term (lasting one or two days) and may not justify travel from abroad to attend. To find suitable non-academic training options, international accountants and accounting students may want to explore programs offered by university summer sessions, graduate education centers, and professional associations, as well as distance learning options.

Studying Law in the USA

A Bachelor's degree in Law is not offered in the United States. Students complete their four-year undergraduate education in another field before applying for admission to law school. There are pre-law courses available, but most students pursuing further study in law have obtained degrees in humanities, social sciences, or behavioral sciences. Studying in law schools in the United States requires more than prior knowledge of law; it requires analytical thinking and writing skills.

The first professional degree programs in the United States

The first professional degree programs in law grant a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. The American Bar Association (ABA) recommends that due to the unique nature of each country's legal system, foreign students complete the equivalent of a J.D. degree in their home country. J.D. programs in the United States focus heavily on preparing for the bar exam, making them less suitable for students planning to work outside the United States.

Nevertheless, a J.D. program may be appropriate for foreign lawyers who already have sufficient knowledge of their home country's legal system and whose profession is somehow related to the United States. And for individuals interested in obtaining a license to practice law in America, a J.D. degree from an ABA-approved law school is a necessary prerequisite in all U.S. jurisdictions.

An approved J.D. program requires the completion of at least eighty-four semester hours, equivalent to three years of study. These years provide a general education designed to teach legal reasoning rather than the specifics of legal rules.

During the first year of study, all students learn about property laws, contracts, and torts and damages in civil court (tort law). Other courses are somewhat different — usually a mix of criminal law, constitutional law, civil procedure, and an introduction to legal systems is taught.

In the second and third years, the curriculum may be defined more precisely, or students may be allowed to choose elective units, depending on the law school. All law schools are required to offer courses in legal ethics.

Classes are taught using the case method. Professors compel students to answer questions about cases they have studied and defend their arguments. The reading assignments are heavy. Grades are often based on end-of-term or end-of-year exams.

Postgraduate Programs in the USA

The content covered in the J.D. program is often insufficient for specialization in a particular field. To find opportunities for in-depth specialization or comparative legal studies, postgraduate lawyers from outside the USA must turn to postgraduate law programs in the United States.

Many of the 196 law schools approved by the American Bar Association for J.D. programs also offer postgraduate programs. Most law schools accept applicants who have obtained their J.D. equivalent in a country other than the United States. However, some programs with specific focuses on U.S. legal systems (such as tax law) may not accept international students, and admission to many other schools requires familiarity with the English-based common law system.

Many law schools offer programs designed specifically for postgraduate lawyers from outside the United States, often including individuals with no prior knowledge of common law. These programs may include degrees such as Master of Comparative Law (M.C.L.), Master of Comparative Jurisprudence (M.C.J.), Master of Legal Institutions (M.L.I.), or Master of Laws (LL.M.) in international or comparative law, as well as some general or individual LL.M. programs. These programs, designed to familiarize foreign lawyers with U.S. laws, usually last one academic year. They often require the submission of a thesis and typically blend specialized introductory courses in U.S. law with elective courses selected by the student from among J.D. program offerings.

Other LL.M. programs are designed for lawyers interested in specializing in a particular field. The curriculum is usually more specialized than LL.M., M.C.L., M.C.J., and M.L.I. programs, requiring students to take more courses in their chosen specialization. Some specialized LL.M. tracks include energy law, environmental law, banking law, intellectual property law, maritime law, and others.

Some law schools offer individually designed LL.M. programs. Those interested in a particular legal specialization should consider these programs as well as those that advertise the desired specialization. Reviewing faculty credentials and corresponding with program officials can help determine whether a program meets the student's needs effectively.

Doctoral law programs are offered only by a few law schools, and these programs generally prepare graduates for academic careers. They typically award a Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) or Doctor of Legal Science (J.S.D.) degree—courses required for both degrees are virtually identical.

Acceptance of postgraduate lawyers from outside the United States into U.S. law doctoral programs is quite challenging. Some universities only accept students who have already completed their master's degree in a university. Most expect all applicants to the doctoral program to have a bachelor's degree equivalent to their master's degree completed at a university. In addition, having strong prior knowledge and work experience is another prerequisite for acceptance into doctoral programs.

The minimum residency requirement for doctoral law programs is usually one academic year. The rest of the program involves independent research to achieve the goal, which may take another one to three years. Also, admission to most programs requires passing an oral exam.

Since doctoral programs focus on independent research, students usually determine their academic focus. Again, faculty interests need to be reviewed.

Short-term Training in the USA

Some law schools in the United States and other legal education providers offer short-term training courses designed for postgraduate lawyers from outside the United States or those interested in certain areas. These programs, usually offered in the summer, may provide a selection of courses for students to choose from or focus on introductory courses in U.S. law, legal English, or specific subjects such as intellectual property law or environmental law. Professional conferences are another option for short-term training, usually with shorter durations.

Information Technology in America

Sometimes used as a general term to cover all aspects of computers and communications, Information Technology (IT) has a more specialized meaning. Typically, IT degrees provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to address daily technology needs. Practical experience and opportunities to obtain specialized certifications in areas such as network installation, computer security, and major operating systems and software used in the curriculum are considered vital. Graduates' responsibilities may include areas such as hardware and software selection, installation, maintenance, and device and network security, as well as website design and updating and other multimedia resources.

Students interested in these careers should be aware that their options are not limited to programs specifically labeled as offering degrees in "Information Technology." University education in this field is relatively new, and different universities may use different titles. Many universities simply call this degree "Computer Science," while others use different titles—check the course content for each.

Also, note that transitioning from research-based computer science, which has a more traditional aspect, to technology support careers is very common. Especially with rapid changes in information technology, employers expect new hires to have some level of hands-on training with the specific systems they will be working with.

Information Systems in America

While specialists in information technology meet daily organizational needs, information systems specialists provide a long-term strategic perspective. They also connect overall management and technical staff, creating clear communication between the two groups.

In the United States, there are nearly 1,000 courses in information systems, most of which are offered by business schools. Regarding IT courses, various titles are used for degrees, but what defines the field is a combination of computer education and business. 

Degrees awarded for "Computer Information Systems" usually emphasize technology, while degrees for "Information Management Systems" sometimes focus more on organization and behavioral principles. (There are also more specialized courses, such as information systems in healthcare organizations.)

Software Engineering in America

Contrary to the title of this degree, software engineering degrees are usually offered by computer science departments. These teachings can also be through computer science or electrical engineering departments, through interdisciplinary education, or through departments dedicated to software engineering. Some courses that offer such degrees do not include "engineering" in the degree title (for example, the degree may be called "Software Construction" or "Computer Programming"). Such differences in degree titles usually do not reflect differences in the courses themselves.

Software engineering focuses on robust ways to create and maintain a reliable and effective programming plan for computer users. Courses in computer science, mathematics, and engineering, along with courses in areas such as project management, software features, and quality assurance, are covered. Practical experiences in creating software, which are a significant part of the curriculum, usually include group projects, internships, and individual software development projects in the final year. It is almost standard for only one-third of undergraduate students to complete their studies in four years; in fact, five years is more common. Completing further education is necessary and valuable for some careers.

Computer Science: Academic Levels in America

Working with computers enjoys such fame and prestige that it opens career paths for individuals who do not necessarily require formal education—famously exemplified by Mr. Bill Gates, who dropped out of Harvard University to found Microsoft. However, nowadays, entering the job market and advancing for individuals who formalize their skills with educational credentials and certified certifications is much easier—most computer-related jobs seek individuals with formal credentials, and in an increasing number of job areas, advanced education is standard.

Professional Certifications

Specifically regarding technology support-related professions, employers often request candidates to demonstrate through completing recognized certifications in the industry that they possess the necessary knowledge and skills for the job. These certifications usually do not have specific educational prerequisites but generally require relevant work experience. They always (for recognized certifications) require deep knowledge in the subjects covered by the certification exams, and their certifications must be renewed in line with technological advancements. Certifications typically focus more on practical skills and knowledge of specific systems and processes than theories, and while often sufficient for entry into many professions, they are often seen as complementary to university education, not a replacement.

Vocational Colleges and Two-Year Degrees

Local community colleges and technical institutes offer a variety of technology-related programs, including one- or two-year associate science (A.S.) or applied science (A.A.S.) degrees, as well as certificate programs typically lasting between six months to a year, providing training for direct entry into careers such as computer repair, data entry, or computer operations.

While an A.A.S. is a professional degree that often cannot transfer completed credits to higher education, studying within an A.S. program is often akin to the first two years of a bachelor's program. Students should investigate what agreements exist with four-year institutions and what support the two-year institution provides for facilitating credit transfers.

Bachelor's Degree Programs in America

Bachelor's degree programs are designed to provide students with broad knowledge and technical skills, allowing them to choose between continuing their education at the graduate level or directly entering professional careers.

Specialization at the bachelor's level is not as common (and is actually discouraged by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, the professional body responsible for accrediting computer science-related programs). Students begin their education with a combination of core curriculum, including courses outside their field of study, and introductory courses in mathematics, programming, and other IT-related fields. Information systems programs with a business focus often require courses in areas such as economics, business statistics, and marketing. IT students in their third and fourth years choose a series of advanced elective courses in various fields.

IT-related fields are usually highly competitive. Students can significantly improve their job prospects by gaining practical experience during their studies and completing their university education with internships and apprenticeship programs. Some universities may offer research opportunities or laboratory assistantships for exceptional undergraduate students. Another way to enhance employment opportunities is to take elective courses in other useful fields in the workplace. In addition to proficiency in a foreign language and cross-cultural skills (assets most international students already possess), employers often seek students who have taken courses in accounting, marketing, and management.

Graduate Studies in America

Students considering graduate programs related to computer science must ensure that the specializations offered and the research interests of the faculty members align with their goals. However, it should be noted that educational activities leading to obtaining a graduate degree may not differ significantly from the same educational activities offered as a specialization within a broader academic discipline. For example, two different programs may necessarily involve the same educational activities but award degrees in artificial intelligence and computer science, respectively. (The same principle applies to undergraduate programs, where specialized degrees are less common.)

Applicants for master's degrees in computer science-related fields should have a strong foundation in mathematics and computer proficiency, but they do not necessarily need to have a bachelor's degree in IT. Individuals with engineering or mathematics degrees are generally accepted into graduate IT programs, while those with other academic backgrounds may also be accepted, provided they demonstrate exceptional computer knowledge and mathematical skills.

Admission to most IT-related graduate programs requires acceptance of the GRE exam, and the quantitative section of the exam is particularly important. Conversely, the GMAT exam may be required for graduate programs related to information systems and other business-oriented computer programs. Additionally, international students must have very good English language skills.

Financial aid is sometimes available for graduate studies, especially because computer science groups often receive research funding grants. Teaching and research assistants may receive tuition waivers and monthly stipends.

Ph.D. programs in IT prepare graduates for positions such as university faculty members and high-level research and consultancy jobs. Ph.D. candidates must present a dissertation that requires independent research.

Studying in America: International and Area Studies
Studying in America: International and Area Studies

International Relations programs in America, sometimes also referred to as "International Affairs" programs, generally have a strong foundation in political science, supplemented by courses in history, law, language, and commerce. Another related academic option is choosing a major in "International Studies" programs, which is usually more interdisciplinary, incorporating perspectives from various scientific fields such as sociology, literature, arts, environmental studies, anthropology, and many others (which vary among different universities), while generally emphasizing a political orientation across all international relations programs. Another option is to major in "Area Studies," which typically focuses on a specific region. These programs may also have a political orientation or, for cultural definition, may focus on historical, literary, religious, or other aspects.

The admission requirements for bachelor's programs in each of these programs are similar to other majors. Firstly, you must have proficiency in the English language (usually through passing the TOEFL exam). If your English proficiency is not very good but you meet other admission requirements, some universities offer "conditional acceptance" - this means you will start an English language program and then immediately after successfully completing the relevant education or obtaining acceptable TOEFL scores, you can continue your university studies.

Universities generally require the original high school transcript, or if the original is not available, a certified official copy, to be reviewed. You will be asked to fill out an application form and pay the processing fee. Most of the time, SAT reasoning scores and/or two or three SAT subject scores will be required for undergraduate applicants, although for some universities, this is optional for international students and not required altogether for others. More selective universities often request supplementary materials such as teacher recommendations, information about extracurricular activities, and a statement of purpose to explain goals or other essays.

It is recommended to act as early as possible (preferably a year or more before classes start). Finding a suitable program and taking advantage of the best admission opportunities and financial aid requires time.

What is highly beneficial for admission to undergraduate programs in these fields is an interest in understanding other cultures, international experience, and a background in social sciences, languages, and foreign literature. Knowing a foreign language is not mandatory for entry into most undergraduate programs, but it is almost certain that it will be necessary before graduation in this field of study.

The American System
Towards International Relations Studies

International and regional academic fields at the undergraduate level are part of humanities programs that offer opportunities to explore many topics. Studying abroad is one of the most important principles of these programs, and students will be encouraged to gain experiences by traveling to other countries and learning about different cultures.

Most four-year programs in this field award a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). Some two-year programs are also available - graduates usually transfer to a four-year university program.

More than half of those majoring in international and regional studies at the undergraduate level will pursue a master's degree, either in the same field or in programs related to law, business, public management, and other areas. Advanced education and credentials are important for many international jobs, although there are options available for those who only hold a bachelor's or B.A. degree.

For those entering the master's level, it is not necessary for their undergraduate major to be in the same field, but they should ideally have a foundation in social sciences, including some knowledge of international relations and international economics. They are likely to need good writing and speaking skills; be familiar with one or more foreign languages; have studied in one or more countries or regions; be proficient in computer skills; and have methodological skills in social sciences.

Most programs use the general GRE exam, along with the TOEFL, and sometimes GRE subject tests as entrance exams. Scores on the verbal and quantitative sections of the general GRE exam are evaluated along with factors such as undergraduate GPA and faculty recommendations. Providing a statement of purpose to explain goals is usually required.

Some master's programs offer academic-oriented programs with specializations, while others offer professional programs. Programs that emphasize research usually lead to a Ph.D. Most emphasis is placed on obtaining a Ph.D. for academic or research positions at universities, as well as for some policy-oriented jobs, but for most professions, obtaining a master's degree is generally more broadly recognized professionally.
University professional programs generally culminate in a master's degree. They are designed to provide professional skills and are somewhat specialized. The most popular professional university degrees are a master's degree in international affairs or a master's degree in international relations.

Many students interested in international and regional studies also consider relevant university degrees outside the field, especially a master's degree with an international focus in public management (M.P.A.) and a master's or master's degree in business administration. These programs may require the GMAT as a condition of admission instead of the GRE. International students should carefully review programs to ensure that their desired programs are suitable for them and are not overly geared towards American students entering the international scene.

The content of most different university programs in America includes policy analysis, macro and microeconomics, management, quantitative methods, statistics, and research methodology, as well as developing oral and written communication skills and teamwork abilities. Familiarity with a foreign language is usually a prerequisite for obtaining a university degree. However, in some cases, programs expect students to acquire this skill before enrollment or individually, as language instruction may not be part of the university program framework.

Specialization is a key component of both academic and professional university programs. Students can focus on practical fields such as resolving international conflicts, international trade and finance, or regional topics like Africa, Asia, North and South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Russia/Eurasia.

Almost all master's programs require some form of culminating experience or final project. This experience may include a comprehensive exam, thesis or dissertation, or a personal research project.

Studying in the United States in the field of Engineering, Transportation, and Technology (Technology)

Sometimes this newsletter will provide information related to a specific major. Due to the large number of inquiries received through the EducationUSAIran email inbox, which are related to mechanical engineering, this month, our focus will be on the path of graduate students in mechanical engineering at universities in the United States.

ABET, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, requires engineering programs in the United States to demonstrate that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems."

While graduate requirements vary, mechanical engineering programs typically include:

• Dynamics and Statistics
• Material Strength and Solid Mechanics
• Application of Measurement and Instrumentation
• Knowledge of Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Energy Conversion, and HVAC
• Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics
• Mechanism Design (including kinematics and dynamics)
• Manufacturing Technology/Process
• Hydraulic Science and Air/Gas Properties
• Engineering Design
• Macaroni Structure and Control Theory
• Design, Computer-Aided Design (CAD), and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

Most mechanical engineering programs include several semesters of algebra-based training, as well as linear and modern differential equations, and more. In addition, the core mechanical engineering curriculum includes many specialized courses and classes such as robotics or automatic systems, transportation and distribution, refrigeration, fuel technology, vehicle technology engineering, biomechanics, vibrations, optical properties, etc. To aid learning, mechanical engineering students participate in experimental laboratory classes. Typically, they also engage in internships during their program. 

Studying in the United States in the field of Engineering

More than 250 engineering specializations are offered at universities in the United States. Some of these specialties use engineering principles in a specific area, while others focus on particular types of problems. Some engineers organize broad processes; others study and research structures and microscopic properties.

Specialized terms related to engineering fields can be confusing. Different names may be used for the same specialization. Two programs may use the same name but have completely different focuses. Specialized engineering fields are often defined as sub-disciplines of various engineering fields.

Below are some of the multiple engineering specializations defined. We'll start with fundamental engineering specializations, from which other specializations branch out.

Five Key Disciplines in America

Studying in the United States in Chemical Engineering. Chemical engineers utilize changes in composition or properties of materials (chemistry) for industrial applications. Chemists often conduct primary research, whereas chemical engineers enhance discovered processes for efficient and comprehensive production. Some related specialties in chemical engineering include polymer engineering, food engineering, and energy engineering.

Studying in the United States in Civil Engineering. This field, the oldest in engineering, focuses on designing and constructing structures, from skyscrapers to pipelines. Several specializations within this field include aerospace engineering, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, and water resources engineering.

Studying in the United States in Electrical Engineering. This field encompasses over thirty sub-disciplines and employs more engineers than any other field. Careers associated with this field are diverse and include communications, urban services, manufacturing — basically any industry involving electricity. Major specialties related to this field include electronics engineering, computer engineering, communication systems engineering, and power engineering.

Studying in the United States in Industrial Engineering: Examining interactions between materials, energy, people, and equipment to design efficient systems (traditionally used for manufacturing but now includes much more). Related fields/specializations include cost engineering, design engineering, management engineering, production engineering, project engineering, quality control engineering, and systems engineering.

Studying in the United States in Mechanical Engineering: Mechanical engineers create devices that convert energy into work or work into energy. This field has numerous specialties ranging from pollution control to rubber and plastics to underwater technologies.

Specializations in America

Studying in the United States in Aerospace Engineering: Also known as aeronautical engineering or (when focusing on applications beyond Earth) astronautical/space engineering. This specialization involves designing and developing aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and rockets. Aerospace engineers also study and research flight conditions and principles, including sea travel.

Studying in the United States in Agricultural Engineering: May focus on water and soil (soil erosion, irrigation, wastewater disposal); designing and constructing agricultural structures; power distribution (e.g., for dairy processing plants); or food engineering or machinery design.

Studying in the United States in Architectural Engineering: A field not very common in the United States, mostly taught as a specialization within architecture. An architect usually focuses on the design and location of a structure within its overall environment, while an architectural engineer deals with structural safety, costs, and construction-related issues.

Studying in the United States in Automotive Engineering: Designing, developing, testing, and assembling land vehicles. This field often requires collaboration among several teams of different engineers, especially civil, industrial, and mechanical specialists.

Studying in the United States in Biomedical Engineering: Various sub-disciplines within this field utilize a blend of biology, medicine, and engineering. Biomedical engineering encompasses the study of biological systems (not necessarily human) for industrial, agricultural, environmental, and medical applications. Biochemical and genetic engineering are similar to biomedical engineering but, if more precisely defined, focus more on the cellular level. Biomedical engineers in America study human biological systems, biomaterials, and materials compatible with human systems, designing devices such as prosthetics and artificial organs. Biomedical instrumentation or medical engineering involves designing and developing equipment used in medical diagnosis and treatment. Clinical engineers design systems within healthcare or hospital settings and design computer systems and other devices and tools. Rehabilitation/healthcare engineers (often on a one-to-one basis) design equipment to improve the lives of the disabled.

Studying in the United States in Computer Engineering. This field is very broad and utilizes a blend of computer science and electrical engineering. Computer engineering emphasizes the design and development of computers and related technologies.

Studying in the United States in Electronics Engineering. Designing and developing low-voltage electrical components (including components used in computers).

Studying in the United States in Environmental Engineering. A popular specialization within the framework of chemical, civil, and mechanical engineering, which is now offered as an interdisciplinary program. Environmental engineers work in various areas including pollution control, waste and waste management, water resource management, and noise pollution reduction, addressing issues related to human interaction with the environment.

Studying in the United States in Fire Protection Engineering. Involves developing equipment and systems for fire suppression. Fire protection engineers often work in ensuring the safety of buildings. This field is related to chemical, electrical, and mechanical engineering.

Studying in the United States in Food Engineering. Chemical engineering may involve tasks such as improving food processing, preparing food additives, enhancing storage systems, or refining extracts.

Studying in the United States in Materials/Metallurgical Engineering. Inorganic solid materials are divided into three categories: metals, ceramics, and polymers (plus composite materials that use a combination of the three categories). Materials engineering may involve research on extraction, processing, production, or use of each of these materials. Studying in the United States in Metallurgical Engineering focuses on metals. Their work primarily involves determining the most effective and economical way to extract a metal from the accompanying waste materials. Polymer engineering employs about 30% of chemical engineers — this field involves combining molecules with each other and converting them into larger and more complex molecules with new properties (e.g., plastic materials). Ceramic engineering involves research and study around clay and silicate materials that are processed at high temperatures — superconductivity is one of the important research areas related to this field.

Studying in the United States in Mining Engineering. The educational background of a mining engineer includes civil, mechanical, electrical, and geological engineering. This field may involve designing and creating mines; providing water, drainage, or ventilation systems; constructing residences and living facilities for mine workers; controlling workplace pollution and safety; and environmental reclamation after extraction.

Studying in the United States in Ocean Engineering, Maritime Architecture, and Oceanography. These terms may be used interchangeably. If examined more precisely, Maritime Architecture refers to the entire process of designing and developing ships or other maritime vehicles and structures. Ocean Engineering applies to the design and installation of electrical or mechanical equipment on ships and other maritime facilities. Oceanography explores and utilizes the oceans, generally involving the construction of structures in the oceans or exploration/retrieval of resources such as crude oil from the ocean floor.

Studying in the United States in Petroleum Engineering. This engineering is used throughout the process of oil extraction, from drilling exploratory wells to determining the safest and most economical methods for oil extraction.

Studying in the United States in Power Engineering. Designing and developing high-voltage electrical components.

Studying in the United States in Safety Engineering. Identifying workplace hazards and designing methods for preventing injuries and training employees. This field is widely used but particularly in manufacturing, mining, crude oil, and chemical industries.

Studying in the United States in Textile Engineering. It examines the properties of fibers (natural and synthetic) and their applications, as well as designing and controlling equipment used in the textile industry.

Studying in the United States in Transportation Engineering. Designing and building ground transportation systems, which sometimes include vehicles as well. Highway engineers plan details such as location, structural design, cost estimates, and usage for new roads. Traffic engineers study traffic flows and devise solutions for traffic control.

Studying in the United States in Environmental Science

Agricultural, Environmental, and Biological Sciences

Studying in the United States in Environmental Science:

Three Steps to Success

Environmental science programs offer an exciting and dynamic field of study for international students pursuing education in the United States. These programs always involve both local and global issues, emphasizing how local actions can have global impacts. Moreover, these programs generally provide you with the opportunity to explore and combine various disciplines.

Alongside preparing for your academic program, keep in mind three fundamental realities about the "big picture" of environmental science education: First, such education is highly interdisciplinary, particularly for undergraduate students who typically encounter a broad range of educational options. Environmental issues relate to the interaction between economics, social issues, politics, law, technology, ecology, and many other fields. Gaining knowledge and information in some of these areas will make it easier for you to pursue your studies in this field.

First Step: Interdisciplinary Engagement

This educational objective particularly applies to undergraduate students, who typically have a wide array of educational options available to them. Environmental issues relate to interactions among economics, social issues, politics, law, technology, ecology, and many other fields. Acquiring knowledge and information in some of these areas will help you better pursue your studies in this field.

However, there is no "fixed" list of courses that can provide the necessary preparation for an environmental science career. Investigate what scientific background is essential for the specific careers that interest you, and develop your computer, writing, and oral communication skills (essential for any job).

Environmental science programs at many universities have combined groups of pre-existing courses to meet the growing interest of students in this field. Elsewhere, some groups — such as geology — may have played a key role in establishing an environmental science program, and the course focus still reflects this. Consult with academic advisors, colleagues, and professionals working in the field — especially in the location where you intend to work — about what combination of guidelines may be useful and appropriate for you.

Step Two: Gain Practical Experience

Environmental studies are an academic field that stems from a pragmatic movement. This field experienced rapid growth in the 1980s when grassroots groups increasingly became concerned about environmental impacts and the development of the modern world. Many of the professors in this field are themselves environmental advocates.

As a result, students don't just learn from textbooks in classrooms. A prominent feature of environmental studies is active teaching and learning. Useful work experiences are essential for obtaining a comprehensive degree in environmental studies. Students should integrate what they learn in classrooms with practical experiences that give tangibility to their learning.

Depending on the career you intend to pursue after completing your studies, consider applying for internships. Assess your experiences in terms of skills and the professions in demand in the market. Familiarize yourself with the most important issues by reading university and trade journals, newspapers, and industry magazines. Take advantage of the resources available in the university's career office and/or your department—there may be extensive research done on internships that will simplify your task!

Step Three: Establish and Maintain Professional Relationships

Most likely, the best way to strengthen your international environmental career options is by establishing connections with professionals working in the field. When arranging to meet and communicate with someone, try to maintain your connection—thanks to email, this is easier than ever before. Share your latest news and information about your progress with these individuals and seek their advice on educational and career options, and if possible, find a way to reciprocate their assistance (for example, sending them interesting news items or volunteering to help them with a project they're working on).

Establishing professional connections in the country where you intend to work is crucial. Ask these professionals to assess what perspectives they may have regarding your American degree and related experiences, and try to align your educational program as much as possible with the job market.

Some of the most useful and informed resources for you may be recent graduates with similar degrees who are currently working in the same place where you aspire to work. They have fresh perspectives on the job market and can share insightful tips they've learned during their job search.

Keep in mind that these three steps can only provide a limited view of how to prepare for your future career. Much of what happens during your leisure time and degree acquisition is unpredictable. The best course of action is to work with what you can predict: acquire the necessary scientific expertise, understand real-world issues, and connect with professionals in your field. By organizing your education around personal interests and labor market realities, you can prepare yourself for a dynamic, flexible, and highly promising job.
 

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